Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Donoghue V Stevenson - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2147 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: Duty Essay Did you like this example? The fact in Donoghue V. Stevenson[1] was that the appellant drank a ginger beer that was bought by her friend in a cafÃÆ' © and she drank part of it from her cup. Her friend poured the rest and a decomposed snail was seen floating on the ginger beer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Donoghue V Stevenson" essay for you Create order The nauseating sight coupled with the fact that the appellant had drank from it caused her shock and severe gastro-enteritis. She brought an action and the issue before the court was whether the manufacturer of an article of drink sold by him to distributor in the circumstances which prevent the customer/consumer from discovering by inspection any defect was under any legal duty to the customer/consumer. In searching for a principle of law, Lord Atkin used the comparative simplicity rule stating that the court should sought the duty which is common to all the cases where liability was established and base it on logical element common to the cases where it was found to exist[2]. Lord Atkin reinstated the general test for damages for negligence to be that the applicant must show that he had been injured by breach of duty owed by the defendant to take reasonable care to avoid such injury. This duty arises in circumstances where there was proximity and the defendant could reasonabl y foresee that the plaintiff would be affected by his negligence. Lord Atkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"foresee-abilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ test was based on the premise that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“people are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the act or omission which are called in questionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3]. These were the principles that was common to all the cases decided and which Lord Atkins considered. In Le Lievre V. Gould[4] and Heaven V. Pender[5], the courts held that there was a duty to take reasonable care to another even in the absence of contract, where there is proximity to other person or that other personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goods that he ought not to cause injury. This usually occur where A was so close to B or Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goods that he ought to take reasonable care not to cause injury to B or Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goods. These same si mple rules was evinced in the judgment of the court in the case of George V. Skivington[6], where the court held that there was a duty on the manufacturer to exercise reasonable care to the purchasers. It can be deduced that the duty of care exist where there is proximity or where it can be shown that the defendant can reasonable know that the plaintiff would suffer injuries by his failure to take reasonable care. The test laid down in the Donoghueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case was that a liability in negligence for breach of duty of care would suffice if there was proximity between the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s action and the injuries was cause as a result of failure to take reasonable care. In Phelps V. London Borough of Hillingdon; Anderton V. Clwyd County council; Jarvis V. Hampshire County council; Re G (a minor)[7], the first case involved claim for negligence. The claimant who suffered from disability claimed that due to the failure of the defendant to provide adequate tuition and treatment he suffered injuries. In the second and third cases, the claimants who suffered from dyslexia claimed injuries as a result of their local education authoritiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ inability to provide suitable educational provisions. In the fourth claim, the claimant who suffered muscular dystrophy claimed that the defendant failed to provide him with the adequate training facilities to enable him to communicate appropriately with others. The HL held that persons exercising a particular skill may owe a duty of care and the fact that they are employed by the defendants to satisfy statutory obligations does not mean that no duty of care is required in the performance of their duty. Accordingly, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“failures by educational psychologists, failure to diagnose a congenital condition and to take appropriate action was damage for the purpose of the common law and although questions of causation and quantum might be very difficult, there was no reason in pr inciple to rule out such claimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The decision of the House of Lords in this case reflects the principle of proximity and reasonable care of the case of Donoghue V. Stevenson to award remedy for injuries that arise out of failure to take reasonable care. Also in Large V. Waldron[8], the claimant claimed negligence for reasons of failure of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s general practitioner to properly diagnose him and refer him to hospital when he had developed septicaemia and meningitis as an infant. The court held that the defendant failed in their duty of care and upheld the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim. However, in light of recent decisions, the court seems to have departed from this comparative simplicity test that prevails in an action in negligence. In Van Colle V. Chief Constable of Hertfordshire, Smith V. Chief Constable of Essex[9], The case involves two victims (G S). G was murdered days before he testified as a witness in the trial of B. T here had been threats and incidence of witness intimidation before the murder. In S case, he had complained that his former partner (P) had threatened to kill him. The police had sufficient evidence to arrest P but failed to do so. While the matter remained under investigation, P caused severe injuries to the person of S using a claw-hammer. The claim in Gà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case was brought under the article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights 1950. The test that the court had to satisfy is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“that the authorities knew or ought to have known at the time of the existence of a real and immediate risk to the life of an identified individual from the criminal act of the third partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and they fail to take reasonable measures within their powers to avoid the risk, then their obligation under the convention is breached. The court held that that in this case, from the information available to the police they would not have anticipated that B consti tuted a risk to G. In S case, the action was on the tort of negligence. If one applies the test of Lord Atkin to this fact, the first issue will be to decide whether failure of police to act would amount to breach of duty of care where there is proximity between the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s action and the injuries caused as a result of failure to take reasonable care by acting on the complaint. There is no doubt that failure to act can amount to negligence if the defendant could reasonable foresee that his inaction may cause injuries to the plaintiff or the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property. However, in this case, the court failed to imply negligence in the police inaction and held that in the absence of special circumstances, the police owed no common law duty to protect individuals against harm caused by criminals. The introduction of a special circumstances clause to avoid liability clearly departs from the comparative test articulated by Lord Atkin in Donoghue V Stevenson. It suggests that the courts are limiting the necessary implication of the Donoghueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s test. In Hill V. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire[10], the case involved the murder of the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daughter within the area where the defendant was the chief constable. The murderer was convicted murder. The said murderer had attacked and murdered series of other females in the area in the previous years under the same circumstances. The plaintiff claimed on behalf of his deceased daughter estate remedies against the defendant in conduct of investigations into crime and for failure to apprehend the murderer and thus prevent the murder of his daughter. The court dismissed the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim and appeal for not disclosing any cause of action. The court held that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“there was no general duty of care owed by them (police) to identify or apprehend an unknown criminal, nor did they owe a duty of care to individual memb ers of the public who might suffer injury through the criminals activities save where their failure to apprehend him had created an exceptional added riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Notwithstanding, the court acknowledged that although it was reasonably foreseen that the said murderer was likely to attack female member of the public if not arrested but this does not in itself make the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daughter at risk more than other members of the public. The exceptional circumstances in this case would occur where proximity of relationship between the police and the victim was greater than would with the general risk to members of public. These cases however clearly depart from the contemplation of the principles that is settled in the case of Donoghue V. Stevenson. The courts had introduced further element that relieves defendants from liability where foreseeable injuries occur as a result failure to take reasonable care. The court in the case of Wombwell V. Grimsby Fish Dock Enterprises[11], the appellant in this case claimed personal injury against the respondent for injuries caused on the respondents premises. The respondent had kept on its quayside cylinders containing gas under pressure for about 2 years. The appellant had entered on the respondentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s premises to fit his boat for sea and had been injured by the cylinders when it discharged. The court held that the respondent did not owe any duty because the appellant use of the premises was not for the purpose he was allowed on it. The court in this case failed to follow the comparative element that the duty to take reasonable care is owed to all those that may reasonably be foreseeable to use the premises of the respondent. This duty is owed to anyone who is foreseeable to use the premises. The rule in Donoghue V. Stevenson is to award damages for injuries where the defendant and the claimant are in a position of proximity and the claimant suffers injuries because of th e failure of the defendant to take reasonable care so as not to cause injuries to the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s person or goods. In this case failure of the defendant to remove the cylinder containing gas which it stored for years and the fact that the defendant could reasonably foresee that it may discharge and cause harm renders the court decision to depart from the comparative of Donoghue V. Stevenson. In Blake V. Galloway[12], the parties were engaged in high spirited horse game. The claimant threw at the defendant a piece of chipping bark which struck the defendant on his back. The defendant thereafter threw the chipping back towards the claimant and struck him just by the eyes causing substantial injuries. The claimant brought an action for battery and/or negligence. The court held that the defendant will be in breach of duty of care if his conduct amounts to recklessness or a very high degree of carelessness. The courts decision seems to depart from the obvious princi ple for which negligence was based. The underlying element in negligence cases was to award damages for injuries that were caused as a result of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act where: The defendant and the claimant are in proximity. In this case, there is no doubt that the claimant and the defendant fall within this range of proximity. The defendant owed a reasonable care towards the claimant not to cause injury to his person by ensuring that it conducted in a safe manner towards the claimant. In this case, these elements are present however, the court failed to apply the comparative test to the fact. It is therefore my conclusion that in light of recent decisions in cases involving duty of care, the courts have failed to apply the comparative simplicity test of Lord Atkin to cases where injuries was caused to a claimant because of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to take reasonable care where he could reasonably foresee that his failure to take sure care will cause injuries to the claimant. Notwithstanding that the comparative simplicity aided in ensuring certainty, it seems overdue. However, changes in the test may affect the certainty of decisions in duty of care cases. Bibliography Blake V. Galloway (2004) 3 ALL ER 315 Donoghue V. Stevenson (1932) AC 562 page 580 George V. Skivington L.R. 5 Ex 1 Heaven V. Pender 11 QBD 503 Hill V. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire (1989) AC 53 HL Large V. Waldron (2008) EWHC 1937 (QB) Le Lievre V. G ould (1893) 1QB 491 Phelps V. London Borough of Hillingdon; Anderton V. Clwyd County council; Jarvis V. Hampshire County council; Re G (a minor) (2004) 4 ALL ER 504 Van Colle V. Chief Constable of Hertfordshire, Smith V. Chief Constable of Essex (2008) UKHL 50 Wombwell V. Grimsby Fish Dock Enterprises (2008) EWCA Civ 831 European Convention on Human Rights 1950 Footnotes [1] (1932) AC 562 page 580 [2] Donoghue V. Stevenson (1932) AC 562 page 580 [3] Ibid at page 580 [4] (1893) 1QB 491, 497 [5] 11 QBD 503 [6] L.R. 5 Ex 1 [7] (2004) 4 ALL ER 504 [8] (2008) EWHC 1937 (QB) [9] (2008) UKHL 50 [10] (1989) AC 53 HL [11] (2008) EWCA Civ 831 [12] (2004) 3 ALL ER 315

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Analysis Of The Book The Iliad Essay - 2279 Words

The first book of the Iliad begins with the beginning of Achilles’ rage, the rage that will eventually cause his own people so much grief and is also the force for Homer’s version of the story of the Trojan War. Whereas the taking of Helen is the focus of the larger, traditional story, the feud between Agamemnon and the hero Achilles over a kidnapped girl defines the Iliad. Both feature a conflict over a woman, Helen and Chryses’ daughter, and a need for resolution as well as a breach of social contract: Paris steals the wife of Agamemnon, ruining the bonds of the guest relationship, while Agamemnon denies Chryse his right to ransom and invokes the wrath of the gods in the form of a plague. In both cases, however, it becomes clear that the conflict will not be resolved quickly, but will continue through the very heart of the story. By â€Å"singing of Achilles’ rage† from the first line, the narrator is clearly showing the audience that this Trojan war is not the war of Hector or Paris or Helen, but of the proud Achilles and his hero-sized enemy. It is interesting to note then, that the argument between Agamemnon and Achilles finds a parallel right at the end of the same book in the fight between Zeus and his wife Hera. This produces a somewhat suprising effect, the first chapter of an epic that is originally about a foreign military campaign is bookended by scenes of internal conflict: dissent within the ranks of the Greek army and a domestic dispute among the immortals. EvenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Iliad Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesBook 1: If I was a character in the Iliad, I would refuse to fight in this war. I don’t understand how there is not more discontent among the lower hierarchy of the army. I would not see the point of fighting simply to retrieve Menelaus’s ex-wife Helen; is it really worth giving up all of their lives to get her back? I understand that they were also concerned with heroism and honor, but to me fighting over such a simple disagreement doesn’t make much sen se. That aspect, along with the inclusion ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Iliad 965 Words   |  4 PagesSing, goddess, the anger of Peleus’ son Achilleus and its devastation, which put pains thousandfold upon the Achains,† (page 76 lines 1-7)This quote comes Richard Lattimore’s translated version of The Iliad, it tells the reader that Achilles is a man who is capable of great anger, anger that will kill thousands and bring much suffering. You wouldn’t think that a man like that would be able to feel anything but that anger, but in Christopher Logue’s War Music we see, â€Å"a naked man run with what seemsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 12 Of The Iliad 894 Words   |  4 PagesHis True Nature Following the demise of Troy, the Achaean’s mighty fortification is destined to fall not by mere mortal strength, but rather, the selfish act of divine intervention. In Book 12 of the Iliad, Homer’s narration is centralized around the Greek’s mighty fortifications, the fortress that agitates the gods. The author begins the story by describing Zeus’s plans to dismantle the Greek rampart. The author makes the god’s plan manifest when Hector chastises Polydamas for his foresight andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Six Of The Iliad 1362 Words   |  6 PagesAgency Agency can be defined as willed action that is freely taken after deliberation or action taken having a specific purpose behind it. In book six of the Iliad, Hector deals with the struggle of choosing between his familial duties and his public heroic responsibilities. The outcome of this conflict, presented in the passage from book six of the Iliad, represents an agency that is both purposeful and goal directed towards receiving honor. The fact that Hector leaves behind his beloved familyRead MoreThe Iliad : Greeks And Their Love For War1568 Words   |  7 PagesAffourtit Affourtit.2 February 10th, 2017 CLAS1101 The Iliad: Greeks and Their Love for ‘War’ It has long been a popular scholarly opinion that the Greeks in the Iliad were lovers of war and violence. The Greeks were most definitely primal beasts, and blood shedders, a fact made abundantly clear in the Iliad. However, I think that the Greeks were not lovers of war, furthermore I think this interpretation is shortsighted. The amount of violence in the Iliad seems to be evidence for their love of war, butRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of Odysseus and Achilles Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparative Analysis of Odysseus and Achilles The Trojan War was more than a series of battles between opposing forces, it was the climax of an age of heroes. The retrieval of Helen brought together many of the mythological characters of that time onto a single stage. Of the thousands of brave men who fought at Ilion, two men stood above the masses, sharing the title of hero. They were born in the line of those on Mt. Olympus, favored by the gods. Excelling in courage and skill, adored by thoseRead MoreExistentialism And Akhilleus : State Of Affairs1182 Words   |  5 PagesState of Affairs in Homer’s Iliad Existentialism is a philosophy that deals with human existence. This philosophy is a complex subject that asks questions about life that include meaning, purpose, choice, morality, ideology, and individuality. When reading other texts one could easily make connections to existential themes within the book’s literary tropes. Occasionally, some books have an overloaded abundance of existential themes. Homer’s Iliad is one of the books that comprise of an abundanceRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Iliad 1382 Words   |  6 PagesRyan Doerhoff History of Greece Dr. Kirkland September 5, 2014 Document Analysis The primary documents that will be focused on in this analysis come from Homer’s Iliad. Homer is venerated today as the greatest of Greek epic poets, as his works had a colossal impact on the history of literature. Through his epics, Homer brings us first hand into the culture of the Greek world in the eighth century B.C. It is important to note that at this time very few had the privilege of an education, and lackedRead MoreHomeric Vs. The Iliad1654 Words   |  7 PagesHomeric View of War in the Iliad Being a milestone for all ancient Greek Literature, the Trojan War was discussed and narrated in many different works, most notably Homer’s epic poem the Iliad. Depicting a classical style of mass battle, Homeric warriors were thus treated equally as fighters, but were disregarded in the text in order to illustrate the sheer power of the heroes and leaders. Every warrior was just another piece of the phalanx, which is why the army was so withstanding of attackRead MoreThe Iliad: Literary Analysis1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe Iliad: Literary Analysis Throughout The Iliad, an epic poem written by Homer, there were numerous warriors and other characters that could be looked upon as heroes; some of these heroes included Achilles, Ajax, Diomedes, Hector, and Glaucus. All of these individuals were heroes because of their remarkable mental and physical strength: they were courageous and were better fighters in war than other ordinary men. The trade of battle was a way of life to the Greeks back in Homer’s time. Children

Monday, December 9, 2019

Hotel Organizational Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Identify the business objectives of your Organisation and what Strategies have been Implemented to meet these Objectives. 2.Identify and analyse the value of Interrelationships between various internal and external Stakeholders to achieve your departments Objectives. 3.Demonstrate understanding of the hospitality, events tourism Industrys requirements for employment selection process. Answers: 1.The ParkRoyal Darling Harbor hotel is one of the prime properties on the Darling harbor. It is one of the best hotels in the harbor and seeks to provide superior facilities to its employees. The hotel seeks to provide superior dining and lodging facilities to its clients (Kandampully, Zhang Bilgihan, 2015). The organizational goal of the hotel is to gain the best market share through customer satisfaction (Parkroyalhotels.com, 2017). It offers a number or rooms and suites according to the needs of the consumers. The hotel has premier dining and lodging facilities along with the all the modern amenities to suit the consumers from different backgrounds. The ParkRoyal seeks to provide all the facilities to the consumers and tourists coming from the different backgrounds. The Hotel seeks to provide complete fulfillment to clients during their stay with the facilities they offer. The organizational goal of the hotel can be fulfilled only through consumer satisfaction and for that, the hotel seeks to provide the consumers with the best experience during their stay in the hotel (Radojevic, Stanisic Stanic, 2015). The hotel gives the best facilities to the clients and the representatives and hotel employees provide support to the clients. The hotel employees are trained to provide the best service to ensure customer satisfaction. The dining experience is a very important part of the customers stay at the hotel and it seeks to ensure a superior dining experience. The raw materials used to prepare the food are of superior quality and all the safety and health standards are met to ensure the safety and satisfaction of the clients. The food and beverage department of The ParkRoyal maintains the standards of the cleanliness and standards of the Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) (Lang Heasman, 2015). The hotel focuses on providing the healthiest diet to clients at a reasonable price. The chefs and the employees of the food and beverage department of the hotel seek to serve the clients to enhance the experience of their stay at The ParkRoyal. The dining area of the hotel is aesthetically pleasing and provides the consumers with a place of comfortable dining. The employees are trained and devoted to serve the clients with utmost enthusiasm. The clients have the option to use the dining space or use the room dining facility if they are staying at the hotel. The hotel also under takes an aggressive advertizing policy and a number of extra services and facilities to make the stay of the clients more pleasurable and hassle free (Dabestani, et al., 2016). The management of the hotel also ensures that the loyal clients get perks like free upgrades and breakfasts during the stay. The employees of the hotel are available at call always so that the clients can use their services any time they need. Thus, The ParkRoyal is prime hotel of the Darling Harbor providing a luxurious stay and is easily accessible due to easy transport access. It has become on the prime hotel because of its unparalleled hospitality and dining experience. 2.The hospitality industry is one is completely dependent on consumer satisfaction and for its sustenance in the market. The stakeholders of an organization are people who benefit from its operation be it the employees management or the consumers (Dedeo?lu Demirer 2015). The stakeholders are the major contributors to the success of any organization. The stakeholders of an organization may be internal or external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are the people serving the organization, that is, the people managing the organization or working for the organization. In case of the ParkRoyal, they are the management of the hotel and the various employees from the vales to the desk manager (Yildiz, 2015). The external stakeholders are the people who avail the service of the organization like the clients and consumers (Henisz, 2017). The ParkRoyals external stakeholders are the diners and clients staying at the hotel. In the hospitality industry, the communication between the clients an d the service providers is of utmost importance as it is the factor, which decides the success of the business. The ParkRoyal needs to focus on developing the effective communication to fulfill its organizational goals of providing the best dining and accommodation facilities on the Darling Harbor in Australia. The hospitality industry thrives on the effective communication between the service providers and consumers. To provide better facilities the employees of the hotel need to understand the needs and requirements of the clients of the hotel. The prime focus of the hotel is to provide better facilities to the clients so every needs of there are looked after. The effective communication is also needed to get proper consumer feedbacks regarding their stay in the hotel. Since the hotel is located in one the prime tourist and business location of the country, it attracts visitors from the entire world with different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The demand of these consumers for personal experience varies according to their requirements. To fit into the cultural roles and to understand the consumers properly the communication should be good between the internal and external stakeholders. If the consumer needs any extra facilities, they can communicate that earlier and the hotel tries to provide them with the facility making their stay more satisfactory. The internal and external stakeholders communication strategies help in devising plans for better execution of the improvement plans of the hotel. The different strategies require effective planning to be implemented in the hotel. The ParkRoyal needs to communicate its strategies and communicate to their employees the effective ways to deal with the clients according to the norms and policies of the hotel (Farooq, Rupp Farooq, 2017). Since the on desk employees deal and communicate with the clients the most, they need to push the issues brought forward by the clients to the management. The management needs to take action on the issues they see fit and gather feedback of the feasibility of their strategies. Thus the communication is extremely important between the internal and external stakeholders for the success of a hospitality business like The ParkRoyal which depends on consumer review and satisfaction. 3.Hospitality and tourism industry focus on the selection process in an appropriate manner to identify the skilled employees. In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney they needs skilled employees in their food and beverage departments. Candidates should have good knowledge about the food and beverage in order to work in this department (Tar et al. 2017). On the other hand, they should have proper knowledge in dining department set up. They need to gather knowledge regarding the hygiene. Effective communication must be required for the candidates who will be selected for the food and beverage section in a hospitality sector. Key performance competencies are crucial for the hospitality sectors to enhance their success in the global market. However, one of the major elements of key performance competencies in the hospitality sectors is the accuracy of the employees. In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney they need more accountable employees who are able to monitor the each aspect of the food and beverage department. On the other hand, good English communication is another key element for the hospitality sector to bring success in this industry (Bruni et al. 2017). In the context of, ParkRoyal Darling harbor hotel Sydney good communication will help the employees to achieve competencies and meet the objectives of the customers. In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney, food and beverage operation includes purchasing of the product, receiving, storing, issuing, preparing, presenting, serving and consuming of the products. However, from the management perspective it is important to maintain the standard of the food and beverage is crucial in food and beverage departments (Belias et al. 2017). The management of ParkRoyal Darling harbor hotel Sydney needs to give their focus on the process of preparation and serving the food. It is crucial for the managers of food and beverage department to carry out their responsibility properly and maintain the process through which a quality, fresh and hygienic food can be supplied. It is the prime responsibility of the management department to understand the customer feedbacks in the hospitality industry and serve the food as per their needs and demand. As per the employability trend in Australia it has been found that there is a huge demand of the female candidates in Australian hospitality sectors (Andreu et al. 2017). On the other hand, in U.S the employability trend focuses on the skill of the employees mainly in case of both male and female in the hospitality sectors. In Southeast Asia a significant growth in the employment has been noticed in the hospitality sectors. However, in many countries as for example, in U.S the hospitality sectors have started to reform the salary structure of the employees to improve their employability trend. Hospitality sector is the fast moving sector thus, in order to recruit skilled employees hospitality industries in many countries have reformed the salary structure of the employees. Establishment of a professional network association will be helpful for the Australian hospitality sectors will be helpful to get skilled employees (Armenski et al. 2017). One of the popular professional association network is CDAA established in Australia. This allows the individuals to get employment in various professional sectors. In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney recruiting candidates via this professional network will be helpful for this organization to get good skilled employees. On the other hand, the organization can also establish their own professional network, which also allows the employees to refer good candidates in an organization. In order to develop the personal skill it is crucial for the individuals to make an audit and identify their skill gap. However, an audit will be helpful for the manger of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney to strengthen their personal skill. In order to audit the strength of the individuals it is important to implement of the training program for the personal development. On the other hand, identification of the area of excellence of the individuals is another strategy, which helps the individuals to develop them personally (Bruni et al. 2017). In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney, the manger of food and beverage department can identify their area of excellence by conducting a competitive analysis with other staffs. Interrelationship is a process, which allows the individuals to make a clear interaction with their co-workers in the workplace (Armenski et al. 2017). In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harbor hotel Sydney establishment of an interrelationship between the internal stakeholders by using effective communication will help them to carry out a collaborative work. Hence, a unity will be established in the team that develops a common business objective among the stakeholders. This will enable the stakeholders to support others decision and meet the business objectives. References Andreu, R., Claver, E. and Quer, D., 2017. Foreign market entry mode choice of hotel companies: Determining factors.International Journal of Hospitality Management,62, pp.111-119. Armenski, T., Dwyer, L. and Pavlukovi?, V., 2017. Destination Competitiveness: Public and Private Sector Tourism Management in Serbia.Journal of Travel Research, p.0047287517692445. Belias, D., Trivellas, P., Koustelios, A., Serdaris, P., Varsanis, K. and Grigoriou, I., 2017. Human Resource Management, Strategic Leadership Development and the Greek Tourism Sector. InTourism, Culture and Heritage in a Smart Economy(pp. 189-205). Springer, Cham. Bruni, A., Cassia, F. and Magno, F., 2017. Marketing performance measurement in hotels, travel agencies and tour operators: a study of current practices.Current Issues in Tourism,20(4), pp.339-345. Dabestani, R., Shahin, A., Saljoughian, M., Shirouyehzad, H. (2016). Importance-performance analysis of service quality dimensions for the customer groups segmented by DEA: The case of four star hotels.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,33(2), 160-177. Dedeo?lu, B. B., Demirer, H. (2015). Differences in service quality perceptions of stakeholders in the hotel industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(1), 130-146. Farooq, O., Rupp, D. E., Farooq, M. (2017). The multiple pathways through which internal and external corporate social responsibility influence organizational identification and multifoci outcomes: The moderating role of cultural and social orientations.Academy of Management Journal,60(3), 954-985. Henisz, W. J. (2017).Corporate diplomacy: Building reputations and relationships with external stakeholders. Routledge. Kandampully, J., Zhang, T., Bilgihan, A. (2015). Customer loyalty: a review and future directions with a special focus on the hospitality industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(3), 379-414. Lang, T., Heasman, M. (2015).Food wars: The global battle for mouths, minds and markets. Routledge. Parkroyalhotels.com. (2017).Parkroyalhotels.com. Retrieved 27 November 2017, from https://www.parkroyalhotels.com/content/dam/pr/PR%20Darling%20Harbour/homepage/hero/PARKROYAL%20Darling%20Harbour%20Sydney%20-%20Media%20Kit%20October%202017.pdf Radojevic, T., Stanisic, N., Stanic, N. (2015). Ensuring positive feedback: Factors that influence customer satisfaction in the contemporary hospitality industry.Tourism Management,51, 13-21. Tar, J.J., Pereira-Moliner, J., Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., Lpez-Gamero, M.D. and Molina-Azorn, J.F., 2017. Does quality management improve performance or vice versa? Evidence from the hotel industry.Service Business,11(1), pp.23-43. Yildiz, . (2015). Internal Communication Function and Hotel ProductivityA Comparative Study.American International Journal of Contemporary Research,5(3), 45-54

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Personal Digital Assistant

Introduction The cellular phone technology has evolved tremendously compared to the old phone technology. It is however important to acknowledge the significant role the old cell phone technology has played as it has been the basis for the development of the new technology.In 1886, a Canadian named Reginald Fessenden together with Thomas Edison invented wireless communication that used radio waves for transmission.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Digital Assistant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their first successful audio transmission was established in December 23, 1900 and the transmissions only covered a radius of 1.6 kilometers. The end of World War 2 in 1945 marked the beginning of the cell phone era. The cell phones were highly effective and could cover a large area because they were operated from cell phone base stations. The laboratory technicians at ATT Company helped to make the first cells for cell phone base stations. In 1966, the first Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) was developed by Gene Roddenberry. The innovation meant a change from paper and pencils to a more sophisticated digital processing on portable electronic tablets. The electronic tablets were sizeable and used pen based input. The idea was a major milestone as far as technology was concerned in those days because it meant a relief from paper work. Many companies including Apple, IBM, Hewlett Packard, Motorola, the GO Corporation, EO Inc and Momenta started to produce PDAs in the 1990s and analysts predicted huge sales. The move was necessitated by the fact that the PDA user interface was supported by advanced software like modems, handwriting recognition, power and memory applications. PDA companies The PDA technology turned out to be a short lived venture. After a successful invention of the PDA that had earlier been seen as successful, operational shortcomings saw the need for better inventions that w ould address customers’ needs satisfactorily. The companies did not know the features that customers wanted integrated into new technological innovations and the extent to which the customers were willing to pay for them. This development was probably because they did not have a clear definition of the kind of market they wanted to serve. Even after launching their products, the PDA companies did not use customer feedback to rectify the problems that emerged. The PDA developers used technology whose market trends were not effectively researched. The handwriting recognition software, for instance, was only 95% accurate.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The power of the processor, the lifespan of the battery and the memory that was required to enhance the PDA performance were not well developed. This idea meant that the earlier use of pencil and paper could have been more a ccurate and reliable than the PDA but reverting back to the pencil and paper would not have been a proper alternative. The PDA companies did not have efficient supply and distribution channels and appropriate suppliers and distributors. The said challenges led to lack of market awareness about the basic functions of the pen-based PDAs. Lack of proper promotion led to confusion in the market about the exact users intended for those gadgets. The other reason that led to the collapse of the PDA companies was because the profits they made could not sustain the higher research and development costs, the expenses of developing supply and distribution channels and the cost of marketing. Only a small portion of the market bought their accessories and hence their use was not widespread. How the PDA companies could have avoided failure The PDA companies should have developed innovations with accurate and efficiently researched complementary technologies like the handwriting recognition softwa re. The device memories and batteries of their gadgets should have been designed to hold larger amounts of data and their life spans should have been improved. These inventions would have influenced optimal acceptance of the PDA gadgets by the customers. Secondly, these companies should have used adequate advertisements to accelerate market growth. Adequate resources would have enabled them invest in aggressive promotions and marketing. Finally, the companies should have researched on the preferences of their customers and used public relations effectively to boost their understanding of the technological device and the role it would have played in the lives of their clients. Palm Company was successful in implementing the said recommendations though for a short period of time. The technology business for Palm Company later collapsed. The collapse was occasioned by Palm’s late entry into the market after most of the other PDA companies had failed. The technology that Palm ado pted was simple and the clients would have embraced it compared to that of the earlier PDAs. That fact coupled with its low price made it easily accessible and users found it reliable because it was fast.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Digital Assistant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rate of Palm’s sales was accelerated and the success meant that it did not have to use huge amounts of resources to sustain itself because of the adequate profit it got. Palm had addressed what users wanted which was a fast processor with easy to use technology. The late entry of the smart phone into the market by the Apple Company did not have adverse consequences on its sales. Apple’s sales were enhanced by the fact that it came up with a more advanced and user friendly technology. Apple had researched widely and was certain on the needs of the market owing to the shortcomings of the other smart phone s. It came up with the â€Å"touch screen† which was different from previous smart phones that used â€Å"key pads†. Customers realized that Apple was a great improvement over the other smart phones. Apple’s smart phone therefore had an instant acceptance in the market. Apple was also able to evade market failure initially because of the high sales that helped it increase its profits. The reputation of Apple made it easy for the brand to capture the market trends fast. The profits accrued from the smart phones’ sales today are always increasing as new technology replaces the old one because the phones are continually being improved. At the end of the year 2007, the smart phones’ sales had reached $39 billion and are expected to increase to $65 billion by the end of 2013. The increment will be equal to 16% which will be quite significant. The industry is however not likely to use a single operating system to be the dominant design because all the op erating systems will be competing on one platform. The phone industry will come up with many innovations that will eventually overuse the operating system and in the end; the clients will not realize any tangible value from the system. The need for new innovation has continued to be the core driver of the cellular phones’ market. This fact has been promoted further by the inventions of multiple operating systems that are either open or close sourced. To ensure that developers remain competitive in the market, they have to constantly upgrade their software to fulfill the ever increasing clients’ needs.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Personal Digital Assistant was written and submitted by user Anabella Raymond to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.