Donoghue V Stevenson - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2147 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: Duty Essay Did you like this example? The fact in Donoghue V. Stevenson[1] was that the appellant drank a ginger beer that was bought by her friend in a cafÃÆ' © and she drank part of it from her cup. Her friend poured the rest and a decomposed snail was seen floating on the ginger beer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Donoghue V Stevenson" essay for you Create order The nauseating sight coupled with the fact that the appellant had drank from it caused her shock and severe gastro-enteritis. She brought an action and the issue before the court was whether the manufacturer of an article of drink sold by him to distributor in the circumstances which prevent the customer/consumer from discovering by inspection any defect was under any legal duty to the customer/consumer. In searching for a principle of law, Lord Atkin used the comparative simplicity rule stating that the court should sought the duty which is common to all the cases where liability was established and base it on logical element common to the cases where it was found to exist[2]. Lord Atkin reinstated the general test for damages for negligence to be that the applicant must show that he had been injured by breach of duty owed by the defendant to take reasonable care to avoid such injury. This duty arises in circumstances where there was proximity and the defendant could reasonabl y foresee that the plaintiff would be affected by his negligence. Lord Atkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"foresee-abilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ test was based on the premise that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“people are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the act or omission which are called in questionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3]. These were the principles that was common to all the cases decided and which Lord Atkins considered. In Le Lievre V. Gould[4] and Heaven V. Pender[5], the courts held that there was a duty to take reasonable care to another even in the absence of contract, where there is proximity to other person or that other personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goods that he ought not to cause injury. This usually occur where A was so close to B or Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goods that he ought to take reasonable care not to cause injury to B or Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goods. These same si mple rules was evinced in the judgment of the court in the case of George V. Skivington[6], where the court held that there was a duty on the manufacturer to exercise reasonable care to the purchasers. It can be deduced that the duty of care exist where there is proximity or where it can be shown that the defendant can reasonable know that the plaintiff would suffer injuries by his failure to take reasonable care. The test laid down in the Donoghueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case was that a liability in negligence for breach of duty of care would suffice if there was proximity between the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s action and the injuries was cause as a result of failure to take reasonable care. In Phelps V. London Borough of Hillingdon; Anderton V. Clwyd County council; Jarvis V. Hampshire County council; Re G (a minor)[7], the first case involved claim for negligence. The claimant who suffered from disability claimed that due to the failure of the defendant to provide adequate tuition and treatment he suffered injuries. In the second and third cases, the claimants who suffered from dyslexia claimed injuries as a result of their local education authoritiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ inability to provide suitable educational provisions. In the fourth claim, the claimant who suffered muscular dystrophy claimed that the defendant failed to provide him with the adequate training facilities to enable him to communicate appropriately with others. The HL held that persons exercising a particular skill may owe a duty of care and the fact that they are employed by the defendants to satisfy statutory obligations does not mean that no duty of care is required in the performance of their duty. Accordingly, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“failures by educational psychologists, failure to diagnose a congenital condition and to take appropriate action was damage for the purpose of the common law and although questions of causation and quantum might be very difficult, there was no reason in pr inciple to rule out such claimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The decision of the House of Lords in this case reflects the principle of proximity and reasonable care of the case of Donoghue V. Stevenson to award remedy for injuries that arise out of failure to take reasonable care. Also in Large V. Waldron[8], the claimant claimed negligence for reasons of failure of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s general practitioner to properly diagnose him and refer him to hospital when he had developed septicaemia and meningitis as an infant. The court held that the defendant failed in their duty of care and upheld the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim. However, in light of recent decisions, the court seems to have departed from this comparative simplicity test that prevails in an action in negligence. In Van Colle V. Chief Constable of Hertfordshire, Smith V. Chief Constable of Essex[9], The case involves two victims (G S). G was murdered days before he testified as a witness in the trial of B. T here had been threats and incidence of witness intimidation before the murder. In S case, he had complained that his former partner (P) had threatened to kill him. The police had sufficient evidence to arrest P but failed to do so. While the matter remained under investigation, P caused severe injuries to the person of S using a claw-hammer. The claim in Gà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case was brought under the article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights 1950. The test that the court had to satisfy is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“that the authorities knew or ought to have known at the time of the existence of a real and immediate risk to the life of an identified individual from the criminal act of the third partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and they fail to take reasonable measures within their powers to avoid the risk, then their obligation under the convention is breached. The court held that that in this case, from the information available to the police they would not have anticipated that B consti tuted a risk to G. In S case, the action was on the tort of negligence. If one applies the test of Lord Atkin to this fact, the first issue will be to decide whether failure of police to act would amount to breach of duty of care where there is proximity between the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s action and the injuries caused as a result of failure to take reasonable care by acting on the complaint. There is no doubt that failure to act can amount to negligence if the defendant could reasonable foresee that his inaction may cause injuries to the plaintiff or the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property. However, in this case, the court failed to imply negligence in the police inaction and held that in the absence of special circumstances, the police owed no common law duty to protect individuals against harm caused by criminals. The introduction of a special circumstances clause to avoid liability clearly departs from the comparative test articulated by Lord Atkin in Donoghue V Stevenson. It suggests that the courts are limiting the necessary implication of the Donoghueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s test. In Hill V. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire[10], the case involved the murder of the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daughter within the area where the defendant was the chief constable. The murderer was convicted murder. The said murderer had attacked and murdered series of other females in the area in the previous years under the same circumstances. The plaintiff claimed on behalf of his deceased daughter estate remedies against the defendant in conduct of investigations into crime and for failure to apprehend the murderer and thus prevent the murder of his daughter. The court dismissed the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim and appeal for not disclosing any cause of action. The court held that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“there was no general duty of care owed by them (police) to identify or apprehend an unknown criminal, nor did they owe a duty of care to individual memb ers of the public who might suffer injury through the criminals activities save where their failure to apprehend him had created an exceptional added riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Notwithstanding, the court acknowledged that although it was reasonably foreseen that the said murderer was likely to attack female member of the public if not arrested but this does not in itself make the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daughter at risk more than other members of the public. The exceptional circumstances in this case would occur where proximity of relationship between the police and the victim was greater than would with the general risk to members of public. These cases however clearly depart from the contemplation of the principles that is settled in the case of Donoghue V. Stevenson. The courts had introduced further element that relieves defendants from liability where foreseeable injuries occur as a result failure to take reasonable care. The court in the case of Wombwell V. Grimsby Fish Dock Enterprises[11], the appellant in this case claimed personal injury against the respondent for injuries caused on the respondents premises. The respondent had kept on its quayside cylinders containing gas under pressure for about 2 years. The appellant had entered on the respondentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s premises to fit his boat for sea and had been injured by the cylinders when it discharged. The court held that the respondent did not owe any duty because the appellant use of the premises was not for the purpose he was allowed on it. The court in this case failed to follow the comparative element that the duty to take reasonable care is owed to all those that may reasonably be foreseeable to use the premises of the respondent. This duty is owed to anyone who is foreseeable to use the premises. The rule in Donoghue V. Stevenson is to award damages for injuries where the defendant and the claimant are in a position of proximity and the claimant suffers injuries because of th e failure of the defendant to take reasonable care so as not to cause injuries to the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s person or goods. In this case failure of the defendant to remove the cylinder containing gas which it stored for years and the fact that the defendant could reasonably foresee that it may discharge and cause harm renders the court decision to depart from the comparative of Donoghue V. Stevenson. In Blake V. Galloway[12], the parties were engaged in high spirited horse game. The claimant threw at the defendant a piece of chipping bark which struck the defendant on his back. The defendant thereafter threw the chipping back towards the claimant and struck him just by the eyes causing substantial injuries. The claimant brought an action for battery and/or negligence. The court held that the defendant will be in breach of duty of care if his conduct amounts to recklessness or a very high degree of carelessness. The courts decision seems to depart from the obvious princi ple for which negligence was based. The underlying element in negligence cases was to award damages for injuries that were caused as a result of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act where: The defendant and the claimant are in proximity. In this case, there is no doubt that the claimant and the defendant fall within this range of proximity. The defendant owed a reasonable care towards the claimant not to cause injury to his person by ensuring that it conducted in a safe manner towards the claimant. In this case, these elements are present however, the court failed to apply the comparative test to the fact. It is therefore my conclusion that in light of recent decisions in cases involving duty of care, the courts have failed to apply the comparative simplicity test of Lord Atkin to cases where injuries was caused to a claimant because of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to take reasonable care where he could reasonably foresee that his failure to take sure care will cause injuries to the claimant. Notwithstanding that the comparative simplicity aided in ensuring certainty, it seems overdue. However, changes in the test may affect the certainty of decisions in duty of care cases. Bibliography Blake V. Galloway (2004) 3 ALL ER 315 Donoghue V. Stevenson (1932) AC 562 page 580 George V. Skivington L.R. 5 Ex 1 Heaven V. Pender 11 QBD 503 Hill V. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire (1989) AC 53 HL Large V. Waldron (2008) EWHC 1937 (QB) Le Lievre V. G ould (1893) 1QB 491 Phelps V. London Borough of Hillingdon; Anderton V. Clwyd County council; Jarvis V. Hampshire County council; Re G (a minor) (2004) 4 ALL ER 504 Van Colle V. Chief Constable of Hertfordshire, Smith V. Chief Constable of Essex (2008) UKHL 50 Wombwell V. Grimsby Fish Dock Enterprises (2008) EWCA Civ 831 European Convention on Human Rights 1950 Footnotes [1] (1932) AC 562 page 580 [2] Donoghue V. Stevenson (1932) AC 562 page 580 [3] Ibid at page 580 [4] (1893) 1QB 491, 497 [5] 11 QBD 503 [6] L.R. 5 Ex 1 [7] (2004) 4 ALL ER 504 [8] (2008) EWHC 1937 (QB) [9] (2008) UKHL 50 [10] (1989) AC 53 HL [11] (2008) EWCA Civ 831 [12] (2004) 3 ALL ER 315

Analysis Of The Book The Iliad Essay - 2279 Words

The first book of the Iliad begins with the beginning of Achilles’ rage, the rage that will eventually cause his own people so much grief and is also the force for Homer’s version of the story of the Trojan War. Whereas the taking of Helen is the focus of the larger, traditional story, the feud between Agamemnon and the hero Achilles over a kidnapped girl defines the Iliad. Both feature a conflict over a woman, Helen and Chryses’ daughter, and a need for resolution as well as a breach of social contract: Paris steals the wife of Agamemnon, ruining the bonds of the guest relationship, while Agamemnon denies Chryse his right to ransom and invokes the wrath of the gods in the form of a plague. In both cases, however, it becomes clear that the conflict will not be resolved quickly, but will continue through the very heart of the story. By â€Å"singing of Achilles’ rage† from the first line, the narrator is clearly showing the audience that this Trojan war is not the war of Hector or Paris or Helen, but of the proud Achilles and his hero-sized enemy. It is interesting to note then, that the argument between Agamemnon and Achilles finds a parallel right at the end of the same book in the fight between Zeus and his wife Hera. This produces a somewhat suprising effect, the first chapter of an epic that is originally about a foreign military campaign is bookended by scenes of internal conflict: dissent within the ranks of the Greek army and a domestic dispute among the immortals. EvenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Iliad Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesBook 1: If I was a character in the Iliad, I would refuse to fight in this war. I don’t understand how there is not more discontent among the lower hierarchy of the army. 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Hotel Organizational Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Identify the business objectives of your Organisation and what Strategies have been Implemented to meet these Objectives. 2.Identify and analyse the value of Interrelationships between various internal and external Stakeholders to achieve your departments Objectives. 3.Demonstrate understanding of the hospitality, events tourism Industrys requirements for employment selection process. Answers: 1.The ParkRoyal Darling Harbor hotel is one of the prime properties on the Darling harbor. It is one of the best hotels in the harbor and seeks to provide superior facilities to its employees. The hotel seeks to provide superior dining and lodging facilities to its clients (Kandampully, Zhang Bilgihan, 2015). The organizational goal of the hotel is to gain the best market share through customer satisfaction (Parkroyalhotels.com, 2017). It offers a number or rooms and suites according to the needs of the consumers. The hotel has premier dining and lodging facilities along with the all the modern amenities to suit the consumers from different backgrounds. The ParkRoyal seeks to provide all the facilities to the consumers and tourists coming from the different backgrounds. The Hotel seeks to provide complete fulfillment to clients during their stay with the facilities they offer. The organizational goal of the hotel can be fulfilled only through consumer satisfaction and for that, the hotel seeks to provide the consumers with the best experience during their stay in the hotel (Radojevic, Stanisic Stanic, 2015). The hotel gives the best facilities to the clients and the representatives and hotel employees provide support to the clients. The hotel employees are trained to provide the best service to ensure customer satisfaction. The dining experience is a very important part of the customers stay at the hotel and it seeks to ensure a superior dining experience. The raw materials used to prepare the food are of superior quality and all the safety and health standards are met to ensure the safety and satisfaction of the clients. The food and beverage department of The ParkRoyal maintains the standards of the cleanliness and standards of the Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) (Lang Heasman, 2015). The hotel focuses on providing the healthiest diet to clients at a reasonable price. The chefs and the employees of the food and beverage department of the hotel seek to serve the clients to enhance the experience of their stay at The ParkRoyal. The dining area of the hotel is aesthetically pleasing and provides the consumers with a place of comfortable dining. The employees are trained and devoted to serve the clients with utmost enthusiasm. The clients have the option to use the dining space or use the room dining facility if they are staying at the hotel. The hotel also under takes an aggressive advertizing policy and a number of extra services and facilities to make the stay of the clients more pleasurable and hassle free (Dabestani, et al., 2016). The management of the hotel also ensures that the loyal clients get perks like free upgrades and breakfasts during the stay. The employees of the hotel are available at call always so that the clients can use their services any time they need. Thus, The ParkRoyal is prime hotel of the Darling Harbor providing a luxurious stay and is easily accessible due to easy transport access. It has become on the prime hotel because of its unparalleled hospitality and dining experience. 2.The hospitality industry is one is completely dependent on consumer satisfaction and for its sustenance in the market. The stakeholders of an organization are people who benefit from its operation be it the employees management or the consumers (Dedeo?lu Demirer 2015). The stakeholders are the major contributors to the success of any organization. The stakeholders of an organization may be internal or external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are the people serving the organization, that is, the people managing the organization or working for the organization. In case of the ParkRoyal, they are the management of the hotel and the various employees from the vales to the desk manager (Yildiz, 2015). The external stakeholders are the people who avail the service of the organization like the clients and consumers (Henisz, 2017). The ParkRoyals external stakeholders are the diners and clients staying at the hotel. In the hospitality industry, the communication between the clients an d the service providers is of utmost importance as it is the factor, which decides the success of the business. The ParkRoyal needs to focus on developing the effective communication to fulfill its organizational goals of providing the best dining and accommodation facilities on the Darling Harbor in Australia. The hospitality industry thrives on the effective communication between the service providers and consumers. To provide better facilities the employees of the hotel need to understand the needs and requirements of the clients of the hotel. The prime focus of the hotel is to provide better facilities to the clients so every needs of there are looked after. The effective communication is also needed to get proper consumer feedbacks regarding their stay in the hotel. Since the hotel is located in one the prime tourist and business location of the country, it attracts visitors from the entire world with different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The demand of these consumers for personal experience varies according to their requirements. To fit into the cultural roles and to understand the consumers properly the communication should be good between the internal and external stakeholders. If the consumer needs any extra facilities, they can communicate that earlier and the hotel tries to provide them with the facility making their stay more satisfactory. The internal and external stakeholders communication strategies help in devising plans for better execution of the improvement plans of the hotel. The different strategies require effective planning to be implemented in the hotel. The ParkRoyal needs to communicate its strategies and communicate to their employees the effective ways to deal with the clients according to the norms and policies of the hotel (Farooq, Rupp Farooq, 2017). Since the on desk employees deal and communicate with the clients the most, they need to push the issues brought forward by the clients to the management. The management needs to take action on the issues they see fit and gather feedback of the feasibility of their strategies. Thus the communication is extremely important between the internal and external stakeholders for the success of a hospitality business like The ParkRoyal which depends on consumer review and satisfaction. 3.Hospitality and tourism industry focus on the selection process in an appropriate manner to identify the skilled employees. In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney they needs skilled employees in their food and beverage departments. Candidates should have good knowledge about the food and beverage in order to work in this department (Tar et al. 2017). On the other hand, they should have proper knowledge in dining department set up. They need to gather knowledge regarding the hygiene. Effective communication must be required for the candidates who will be selected for the food and beverage section in a hospitality sector. Key performance competencies are crucial for the hospitality sectors to enhance their success in the global market. However, one of the major elements of key performance competencies in the hospitality sectors is the accuracy of the employees. In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney they need more accountable employees who are able to monitor the each aspect of the food and beverage department. On the other hand, good English communication is another key element for the hospitality sector to bring success in this industry (Bruni et al. 2017). In the context of, ParkRoyal Darling harbor hotel Sydney good communication will help the employees to achieve competencies and meet the objectives of the customers. In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney, food and beverage operation includes purchasing of the product, receiving, storing, issuing, preparing, presenting, serving and consuming of the products. However, from the management perspective it is important to maintain the standard of the food and beverage is crucial in food and beverage departments (Belias et al. 2017). The management of ParkRoyal Darling harbor hotel Sydney needs to give their focus on the process of preparation and serving the food. It is crucial for the managers of food and beverage department to carry out their responsibility properly and maintain the process through which a quality, fresh and hygienic food can be supplied. It is the prime responsibility of the management department to understand the customer feedbacks in the hospitality industry and serve the food as per their needs and demand. As per the employability trend in Australia it has been found that there is a huge demand of the female candidates in Australian hospitality sectors (Andreu et al. 2017). On the other hand, in U.S the employability trend focuses on the skill of the employees mainly in case of both male and female in the hospitality sectors. In Southeast Asia a significant growth in the employment has been noticed in the hospitality sectors. However, in many countries as for example, in U.S the hospitality sectors have started to reform the salary structure of the employees to improve their employability trend. Hospitality sector is the fast moving sector thus, in order to recruit skilled employees hospitality industries in many countries have reformed the salary structure of the employees. Establishment of a professional network association will be helpful for the Australian hospitality sectors will be helpful to get skilled employees (Armenski et al. 2017). One of the popular professional association network is CDAA established in Australia. This allows the individuals to get employment in various professional sectors. In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney recruiting candidates via this professional network will be helpful for this organization to get good skilled employees. On the other hand, the organization can also establish their own professional network, which also allows the employees to refer good candidates in an organization. In order to develop the personal skill it is crucial for the individuals to make an audit and identify their skill gap. However, an audit will be helpful for the manger of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney to strengthen their personal skill. In order to audit the strength of the individuals it is important to implement of the training program for the personal development. On the other hand, identification of the area of excellence of the individuals is another strategy, which helps the individuals to develop them personally (Bruni et al. 2017). In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney, the manger of food and beverage department can identify their area of excellence by conducting a competitive analysis with other staffs. Interrelationship is a process, which allows the individuals to make a clear interaction with their co-workers in the workplace (Armenski et al. 2017). In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harbor hotel Sydney establishment of an interrelationship between the internal stakeholders by using effective communication will help them to carry out a collaborative work. Hence, a unity will be established in the team that develops a common business objective among the stakeholders. This will enable the stakeholders to support others decision and meet the business objectives. References Andreu, R., Claver, E. and Quer, D., 2017. Foreign market entry mode choice of hotel companies: Determining factors.International Journal of Hospitality Management,62, pp.111-119. Armenski, T., Dwyer, L. and Pavlukovi?, V., 2017. Destination Competitiveness: Public and Private Sector Tourism Management in Serbia.Journal of Travel Research, p.0047287517692445. Belias, D., Trivellas, P., Koustelios, A., Serdaris, P., Varsanis, K. and Grigoriou, I., 2017. Human Resource Management, Strategic Leadership Development and the Greek Tourism Sector. InTourism, Culture and Heritage in a Smart Economy(pp. 189-205). Springer, Cham. Bruni, A., Cassia, F. and Magno, F., 2017. Marketing performance measurement in hotels, travel agencies and tour operators: a study of current practices.Current Issues in Tourism,20(4), pp.339-345. Dabestani, R., Shahin, A., Saljoughian, M., Shirouyehzad, H. (2016). Importance-performance analysis of service quality dimensions for the customer groups segmented by DEA: The case of four star hotels.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,33(2), 160-177. Dedeo?lu, B. B., Demirer, H. (2015). Differences in service quality perceptions of stakeholders in the hotel industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(1), 130-146. Farooq, O., Rupp, D. E., Farooq, M. (2017). The multiple pathways through which internal and external corporate social responsibility influence organizational identification and multifoci outcomes: The moderating role of cultural and social orientations.Academy of Management Journal,60(3), 954-985. Henisz, W. J. (2017).Corporate diplomacy: Building reputations and relationships with external stakeholders. Routledge. Kandampully, J., Zhang, T., Bilgihan, A. (2015). Customer loyalty: a review and future directions with a special focus on the hospitality industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(3), 379-414. Lang, T., Heasman, M. (2015).Food wars: The global battle for mouths, minds and markets. Routledge. Parkroyalhotels.com. (2017).Parkroyalhotels.com. Retrieved 27 November 2017, from https://www.parkroyalhotels.com/content/dam/pr/PR%20Darling%20Harbour/homepage/hero/PARKROYAL%20Darling%20Harbour%20Sydney%20-%20Media%20Kit%20October%202017.pdf Radojevic, T., Stanisic, N., Stanic, N. (2015). Ensuring positive feedback: Factors that influence customer satisfaction in the contemporary hospitality industry.Tourism Management,51, 13-21. Tar, J.J., Pereira-Moliner, J., Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., Lpez-Gamero, M.D. and Molina-Azorn, J.F., 2017. Does quality management improve performance or vice versa? Evidence from the hotel industry.Service Business,11(1), pp.23-43. Yildiz, . (2015). Internal Communication Function and Hotel ProductivityA Comparative Study.American International Journal of Contemporary Research,5(3), 45-54

Personal Digital Assistant

Introduction The cellular phone technology has evolved tremendously compared to the old phone technology. It is however important to acknowledge the significant role the old cell phone technology has played as it has been the basis for the development of the new technology.In 1886, a Canadian named Reginald Fessenden together with Thomas Edison invented wireless communication that used radio waves for transmission.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Digital Assistant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their first successful audio transmission was established in December 23, 1900 and the transmissions only covered a radius of 1.6 kilometers. The end of World War 2 in 1945 marked the beginning of the cell phone era. The cell phones were highly effective and could cover a large area because they were operated from cell phone base stations. The laboratory technicians at ATT Company helped to make the first cells for cell phone base stations. In 1966, the first Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) was developed by Gene Roddenberry. The innovation meant a change from paper and pencils to a more sophisticated digital processing on portable electronic tablets. The electronic tablets were sizeable and used pen based input. The idea was a major milestone as far as technology was concerned in those days because it meant a relief from paper work. Many companies including Apple, IBM, Hewlett Packard, Motorola, the GO Corporation, EO Inc and Momenta started to produce PDAs in the 1990s and analysts predicted huge sales. The move was necessitated by the fact that the PDA user interface was supported by advanced software like modems, handwriting recognition, power and memory applications. PDA companies The PDA technology turned out to be a short lived venture. After a successful invention of the PDA that had earlier been seen as successful, operational shortcomings saw the need for better inventions that w ould address customers’ needs satisfactorily. The companies did not know the features that customers wanted integrated into new technological innovations and the extent to which the customers were willing to pay for them. This development was probably because they did not have a clear definition of the kind of market they wanted to serve. Even after launching their products, the PDA companies did not use customer feedback to rectify the problems that emerged. The PDA developers used technology whose market trends were not effectively researched. The handwriting recognition software, for instance, was only 95% accurate.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The power of the processor, the lifespan of the battery and the memory that was required to enhance the PDA performance were not well developed. This idea meant that the earlier use of pencil and paper could have been more a ccurate and reliable than the PDA but reverting back to the pencil and paper would not have been a proper alternative. The PDA companies did not have efficient supply and distribution channels and appropriate suppliers and distributors. The said challenges led to lack of market awareness about the basic functions of the pen-based PDAs. Lack of proper promotion led to confusion in the market about the exact users intended for those gadgets. The other reason that led to the collapse of the PDA companies was because the profits they made could not sustain the higher research and development costs, the expenses of developing supply and distribution channels and the cost of marketing. Only a small portion of the market bought their accessories and hence their use was not widespread. How the PDA companies could have avoided failure The PDA companies should have developed innovations with accurate and efficiently researched complementary technologies like the handwriting recognition softwa re. The device memories and batteries of their gadgets should have been designed to hold larger amounts of data and their life spans should have been improved. These inventions would have influenced optimal acceptance of the PDA gadgets by the customers. Secondly, these companies should have used adequate advertisements to accelerate market growth. Adequate resources would have enabled them invest in aggressive promotions and marketing. Finally, the companies should have researched on the preferences of their customers and used public relations effectively to boost their understanding of the technological device and the role it would have played in the lives of their clients. Palm Company was successful in implementing the said recommendations though for a short period of time. The technology business for Palm Company later collapsed. The collapse was occasioned by Palm’s late entry into the market after most of the other PDA companies had failed. The technology that Palm ado pted was simple and the clients would have embraced it compared to that of the earlier PDAs. That fact coupled with its low price made it easily accessible and users found it reliable because it was fast.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Digital Assistant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rate of Palm’s sales was accelerated and the success meant that it did not have to use huge amounts of resources to sustain itself because of the adequate profit it got. Palm had addressed what users wanted which was a fast processor with easy to use technology. The late entry of the smart phone into the market by the Apple Company did not have adverse consequences on its sales. Apple’s sales were enhanced by the fact that it came up with a more advanced and user friendly technology. Apple had researched widely and was certain on the needs of the market owing to the shortcomings of the other smart phone s. It came up with the â€Å"touch screen† which was different from previous smart phones that used â€Å"key pads†. Customers realized that Apple was a great improvement over the other smart phones. Apple’s smart phone therefore had an instant acceptance in the market. Apple was also able to evade market failure initially because of the high sales that helped it increase its profits. The reputation of Apple made it easy for the brand to capture the market trends fast. The profits accrued from the smart phones’ sales today are always increasing as new technology replaces the old one because the phones are continually being improved. At the end of the year 2007, the smart phones’ sales had reached $39 billion and are expected to increase to $65 billion by the end of 2013. The increment will be equal to 16% which will be quite significant. The industry is however not likely to use a single operating system to be the dominant design because all the op erating systems will be competing on one platform. The phone industry will come up with many innovations that will eventually overuse the operating system and in the end; the clients will not realize any tangible value from the system. The need for new innovation has continued to be the core driver of the cellular phones’ market. This fact has been promoted further by the inventions of multiple operating systems that are either open or close sourced. To ensure that developers remain competitive in the market, they have to constantly upgrade their software to fulfill the ever increasing clients’ needs.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Personal Digital Assistant was written and submitted by user Anabella Raymond to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Children in the Military essays

Children in the Military essays The old idea that a bigger army will defeat a smaller one just because of size is still prevalent in todays Democratic Republic of Congo military. I can see where these countries need the people because they lack the technology, but why do they have to start recruiting children? The Democratic Republic of Congo is recruiting children in their army for the sole purpose of numbers against numbers. No real skill is involved with the children recruiting, except that fact that they make good shields. Why do these countries need children in there armies? The Democratic Republic of Congo has bumped up there recruiting rate of children to an all time high because of the need of bodies in the current civil war. The article says, "Many battles are fought, and won, on the basis of simple numerical supremacy, and so the more children that a militia can recruit, the better it considers its chances of military victory.(Guardian) This idea of numbers in the army is how the armies win their battles. The Democratic Republic of Congo simply recruits children into their army because Children comprise more than half Congos population(Guardian). The fact that young children as young eight years old are being drafted into this military is outrageous, but the real shocker is what these children go through during their time in this military. Children in the army of the Democratic Republic of Congo go through horrific times and tribulations during their stay in the army. Many of these children arent just recruited, but also abducted and forced to serve in the army. There are countless reports of children being deceived by soldiers and abducted into their army. Once in this army though, their tribulations have just begun. There are many accounts of soldiers beating the children, using them as sex slaves, and inappropriate entertainment. The Democratic Republic of Congo army prefers having children in their...

Eleemosynary, A Full-Length Play by Lee Blessing

Eleemosynary, A Full-Length Play by Lee Blessing It might be best to begin your approach to this play by learning how to pronounce the title and understanding the meaning of this vocabulary word. In this dramatic work by Lee Blessing, three generations of highly intelligent and freethinking women attempt to reconcile years of family dysfunction. Dorothea was a repressed housewife and mother of three sons and a daughter, Artemis (Artie), whom she favored. She discovered that being an eccentric suited her perfectly and spent a lifetime thrusting her wild ideas and beliefs onto an unappreciative and doubting Artemis. Artemis ran away from Dorothea as soon as she could and kept on the move until she married and had a daughter of her own. She named her Barbara, but Dorothea renamed the child Echo and began to teach her everything from Ancient Greek to calculus. What Echo loves most is words and spelling. The title of the show comes from the winning word that Echo spelled correctly at the National Spelling Bee. The play jumps backward and forward in time. As one character relives a memory, the other two play themselves as they were during that time. In one memory, Echo portrays herself as a three-month-old. At the beginning of the play, Dorothea has suffered a stroke and is bedridden and catatonic for several scenes. Throughout the play, however, she takes part in her memories and then transitions back to the present, trapped in her minimally responsive body. The director and actors in Eleemosynary have the challenge of making these memory scenes feel authentic with smooth transitions and blocking. Production Details The production notes for Eleemosynary are specific regarding set and props. The stage needs to be filled with an abundance of books (signifying the sheer brilliance of these women), a pair of homemade wings, and perhaps a real pair of scissors. The rest of the props may be mimed or suggested. Furniture and sets should be as minimal as possible. The notes suggest only a few chairs, platforms, and stools. Lighting should consist of   â€Å"ever shifting areas of light and darkness.† The minimal set and the stress on lighting serve to assist the characters in moving between memories and the present time, allowing focus to be on their stories. Setting: Various rooms and locales Time: Now and then Cast size: This play can accommodate 3 female actors. Roles Dorothea is a self-acknowledged eccentric. She uses her eccentricity as a means to escape the judgment and pressures of a life she didn’t choose. Her desire was to influence her daughter to embrace her way of life, but when her daughter runs from her, she refocuses her attention on her granddaughter. Artemis has a perfect memory. She can remember anything and everything with total accuracy. She has two desires in life. The first is to research and find out everything she possibly can about this world. The second is to be as far away from her mother (in both body and spirit) as possible. She believes in her heart that she failed Echo and that failure can never be undone, just as she can never forget a single detail of her life. Echo has a mind to equal both her mother’s and grandmother’s. She is fiercely competitive. She loves her grandmother and wants to love her mother. By the end of the play, she is determined to use her competitive nature to mend her relationship with her elusive mother. She will no longer accept Artemis’s excuses for failing to be a mother to her. Content issues: Abortion, abandonment Resources You can watch a director and some actors discuss and rehearse the play.The  Dramatist Play Service holds the production rights for Eleemosynary.

Nine Topics on Finance and Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nine Topics on Finance and Accounting - Essay Example The service providers are in tie-up with the hospital for usage of their products. The hospital also receives grants, accreditations, certifications from various organizations. However the main source of revenue can be accounted to the fees received from the patients. The various expenses incurred by the organization lies in the staffing. The hospital has a considerable strength of manpower which includes Doctors, Nurses, Technicians, Pathologist, Clerical staff, and other support staffs. The hospital also spends a considerable amount of money behind installation of latest technological equipment for providing world class facilities for its patient. It also has to maintain a high level of cleanliness and hygiene as it is one of the important issues. King Abdulaziz, medical city does not concentrate on profit making. The hospital focuses on the quality of health care and looks to provide the best of services to the patients. It thrives to provide relief to the ailment in the best poss ible ways. According to respondent 1, King Abdulaziz, medical city also looks after profit making. It has to maintain a profit margin as without profit it cannot look to provide the best of services and would have stopped its operation because of shortage of capital, which is contrary to my view mentioned. Topic 2: King Abdulaziz, medical city is one of the leading hospitals in the Saudi Arabia. It has the capability to accommodate 690 patients, besides it has 132beds for admission of emergency cases and 25 beds are allocated to the surgical patients. The hospital has one of the best trauma centers in the country. It is equipped with specialized Burn Unit, Surgical ICU, Endoscopy Unit, Operating Rooms, and Neuro-Surgical and Surgical Units.  To reduce the extended stay in the hospital, King Abdulaziz, also provides home health care services. In the home health care service the patients are monitored properly and regular follow up is initiated. The hospital has fifteen different de partments which deal with various kinds of diseases and illness of patients. The departments are listed below   King Abdulaziz Cardiac Center   Department of Anesthesiology   Department of Emergency Medicine   Department of Dental Care   Intensive Care  Department   Department of Hepatobiliary Sciences and Liver Transplant     Long Term and Extended Care Center     Department of Medical Imaging   Department of Medicine   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology   Department of Pediatrics   Department of Surgery   Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine   Department of Infection Prevention and Control   Department of Oncology   (Medical departments, n.d) The amount of actual cost involved in providing the heath service is not known to me in exact figures but the quality of service provided and its wide variety suggests that the cost range is on the higher side. If the staffs do have an idea behind the cost the hospital has to maintain in p roviding the service to the patients, it will definitely help the organization in the long run. The employees will also try to provide their best of efforts and the maintenance of the high cost equipments could be done in a much better way Topic 3: Often in organization, the management provides a variety of information and updates to the employees in a regular basis. Often the information provided to them is of no use or of little use. The results of these efforts from the management do lead

Competition analysis and 4p's strategy analysis Case Study

Competition analysis and 4p's strategy analysis - Case Study Example Fleisher and Bensoussan stated that the current business environment is mainly characterized with heightened competition and therefore, for businesses to survive and remain profitable, they always have to be aware of strengthens possessed by their competitors and their weakness. Thereby use this information to capitalize on their key strengthens whilst making their weaknesses to be part of their strengths (34-38). The Paderno Cookware Company operates in a highly competitive environment since there are other key players in the industry such as Meyer Canada, which is a leading global distributor of metal cookware that have been manufactured by its affiliate companies. The second key competitor of Paderno is the Canadian cookware, which is a subsidiary of the BelKraft Group of Companies that specializes in the manufacture of the waterless cookware. The Meyer Canada Company offers a wide variety of cookware products that range from stainless steel, hard-anodized aluminum, and nonstick a luminum while the Canadian Cookware mainly specialize in production of waterless cookware that is health conscious. Another significant competitor of Paderno is the original Paderno cookware company from Italy, which still exist and it own the rights of the Paderno name in every country expect for Canada. The unique strengths of these competitors lies on the products that they manufacture and sells, more so for Meyer Canada, which produces a wide variety of products unlike the others include Paderno. The Meyer Canada Company poses a threat to the Paderno Cookware Company because of the fact that it has affiliates in various countries who are obligated to conduct an aggressive marketing campaign and sell the company’s products. The main threat that is posed by Canadian Cookware Company comes from the fact that it has branded itself as a cookware company that is health oriented meaning its products are health conscious and therefore, consumers who are conscious about their heal th will prefer the company’s products. The threat posed by the original Paderno company comes from the fact that it is able to used the Paderno brand name to market itself across other countries other than Canada, which means that it incur lower cost in marketing in foreign countries as compared to trying to promote a new brand name in a foreign country. These three competitors make opportunity for Paderno Cookware Company to be the only leading cookware company that focuses on manufacturing cookware using the highest grade of 18/10 stainless steel and bonding on the outside book of the products using a thick aluminum pad. Moreover, Paderno has an opportunity to increase further its sales because these competitors only exploit one sales avenue unlike Paderno, which exploits for avenues for selling and hence it is able to generate more sales revenue. 4Ps strategic analysis Borden described the 4Ps as the four key elements that marketers use or emphasize on, in order to effecti vely market products and/ or service thereby generate more sales (23-25). Solis stated that the 4Ps are controllable elements within an organization that can be exploited to create the main sources of a company’

Routed vs Routing Protocols Essay Example for Free

Routed vs Routing Protocols Essay Routing is the process of choosing paths in a network and deciding the path on which it is supposed to be sent. It is carried out on many communication systems, like phone and Internet. In switch networking, routing provides data forwarding and the transportation of reasonably located packets initial locations toward their final destinations working on the foundation of layer 3 of the OSI Model; usually hardware systems called routers and bridges are used. Normal computers can also carry out routing, but cannot do so because of being an un-dedicated hardware for this purpose, and may undergo failure (Odorn, Rus Donohue, 2009). Routed vs. Routing Protocols: Routing Protocols are the software that permits routers to broadcast and know about routes, deciding on accessibility the path to be followed and following the best routes to a target. The internet codes of collection include Ciscos Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Routing Information Protocol (RIP and RIP II) and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). The procedure followed in transferring information in a networking system is known as routing. Inside a network, every user is openly reachable and does not require passing data via default gateway. All the users in network are connected and can converse directly with each other. Routed Protocols only transports data transversely over the networks and nothing more than that. Routed protocols include Internet Protocol, Xerox Network System (XNS), Open Standards Institute networking protocol, Novell IPX, DECnet etc (Odorn, Rus Donohue, 2009). Classful vs. Classless Protocols: Classful routing protocols do not send subnet disguised data through their routing modernization. A classful routing protocol will react in any two ways when getting a route: If the router has a straight connected boundary of the same main network, it will apply the same subnet disguise but if the router does not belong to the identical network, classful subnet pretense will be applied to the to the route. Classful protocols include Routing Information Protocol (RIPv1). Classless protocols send the subnet pretense by means of their updates so; Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs) are permitted when classless protocol is in use, it includes Routing Information Protocol (RIPv2) and Ciscos Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). Distance Vector vs. Link State Protocols: Distance Vector and Link State are expressions used to explain routing protocols used by routers to transfer packets among networks. Distance is the charge of getting to a place, generally based on the number of points the course goes from beginning to end, or the check points present during the whole course while vector from the perspective of routing protocols is the boundary that traffic will be advanced to arrive at the respective target of network at that path; while the path is selected by the routing protocol so the Distance Vector Protocols make use of a process calculation and also a departing network border usually a vector for selecting the finest course to an objective network. Then the protocols like IPX, SPX and IP transmit information via best routes. Link State protocols follow the position and connection kind of every link and construct a planned metric based on these factors, including some positioned by the network superintendent. Link state protocols are familiar with whether a link is up or down and at what speed it should be sent in order to get there on time. As routing protocols decipher how to reach the target we can take link states as being the status of the line on the router. Link State protocols go on the route that has more hops, but at a high speed which is more than the one which takes a less hopping path (Odorn, Rus Donohue, 2009). However the distance vectors are well supported and they include Routing Information Protocol (RIP). Conclusion: It is said that differentiating between Switching and Routing can be difficult, therefore in simple terms it can be elucidated that switching and routing are not the identical things. Switching comprises of transferring packets among devices on the similar network. On the contrary, routing includes the moving of packets between diverse networks. So these networking processes are useful in transferring data packets from one destination point to the other and therefore require better routing protocols and router to do it efficiently and in a better way. References: Odorn, W. , Rus, H. Donohue, D. , (2009), CCIE Routing and Switching Certification Guide, 4th edn, Cisco Press, USA. (Odorn, Rus Donohue, 2009)

The Feminist Movement and Adrienne Richs Power :: Womens Studies

The Feminist Movement and Adrienne Rich's Power "Power," which was written in 1978 by Adrienne Rich, parallels the Feminist Movement that went into full swing roughly ten years earlier. The poem asks that we revise the traditions regarding the roles of women and relates it to Marie Curie, a famous scientist who preceded the Feminist Movement by about 100 years. The bottle and earth described in the first six lines parallel the struggle for women's rights and those who were refusing to accept change. The poem begins describing an excavation: "a backhoe divulged out of a crumbling flank of earth" a bottle of "tonic/ for living on this earth in the winters of this climate" (lines2-5). The fact that this specific tool used to uncover the bottle indicates that much of the earth around it had already been taken away, and the remaining soil had to be removed bit by bit as to preserve the tonic and free it wholly. This, too, can be said for the Feminist Movement of the 60s; the final success of the movement was a result of the distinction of what particularly had to be changed. The larger pieces of earth removed are the successes of women before them, such as the recognition of women's rights. The final bits of earth are the individual rights of women, such as abortion rights and equal rights. The earth stands for those who are not willing to foreg o tradition and accept change. What specifically does the tonic describe? "Tonic" means "an invigorating, refreshing, or restorative agent" ("tonic"). It makes sense that this "restorative" agent be rediscovered because its very meaning implies that something be brought back. This again makes sense in comparison to the Feminist Movement of the 60s because the predecessor's work for women's rights reemerged as they campaigned for individual rights. When Marie Curie is described later, the connection can be made between her and the excavation because she represents those who had freed up much of the barriers women faced, especially because Marie Curie's career as a physicist was unprecedented&emdash;she was the only woman at the 1911 Berlin Conference, and not even a man had won two Nobel Peace Prizes at that time (Gioia and Kennedy, 1247). Marie Curie's determination to work with the dangerous elements that destroyed her body can be likened again to the Feminist Movement. She strove to attain understanding of elements until it killed her.

Reflection Paper – Pasan Ko Ang Daigdig

Pasan Ko Ang Daigdig depicts the life of a poor girl who undergoes several hardships throughout her life and suddenly receives an opportunity to become a professional singer and improve her family’s life. Viewers may come up with one of two insights from watching the movie. First, one may be led to thinking that despite severe suffering and despair, there will always be a happy ending. For this person, the movie seems to reinforce the rags-to-riches archetype. Forget all problems at present; everything will turn out well in the end.â€Å"Mapalad ang mga inaapi. † Lupe, portrayed by Sharon Cuneta, has to endure different problems happening all at the same time – â€Å"working† as a beggar, living with a mother who doesn’t seem to have any faith in her, being visited by her abusive uncle almost everyday, demanding that they give him money for gambling, even getting impregnated by a man she doesn’t know. Her luck begins to turn around, however, when her talent for singing is discovered at a local singing contest.Things begin to go well for her, despite a few problems with her uncle and the death of her mother, and she ends up engaged to a wealthy man who also happens to offer her a record deal. At the end of the movie, of course, she chooses the man she loves and the father of her child, and they live a fortunate life, thanks to her singing career. Personally, I think that this perspective can be quite problematic, especially when one actually incorporates it in his/her everyday life.It may not be wrong to hope for a better future, but when that hope isn’t backed up by actions geared towards actually making something happen, then one needes to re-examine what he/she is doing with his/her life. In my opinion, for one to achieve something in life, hope should serve as a goal to attain, instead of a illusion to simply make one feel better about himself/herself. There really is nothing wrong with this movie showing how people can rise above poverty and other problems.But when its viewers become blinded by the idea of a happy ending and start to ignore and even just accept their actual problems, then it may just be contributing to the already-problematic mindsets of most Filipinos. Second, one may conclude from the movie that there was more to Lupe’s success in life than luck and talent. Obviously, one must be proficient in singing for her to actually enter in such a career. And joining and winning the singing contest played a major role in her rise to fame.But when looking closely at Lupe’s life, one may begin to wonder if these two are enough. Given everything that has happened to Lupe, it would take more than an opportunity for fame to pull things together. How exactly does one deal with pregnancy when one neither has the money to raise the child nor the knowledge of who the father is? Also, how is one able to try to improve her family’s life when even her own mother has no confidence in her and continues to give her uncle the money that she earned?When one begins to look beyond mere chance, he/she may be forced to see reality for what it is – one that is full of hardships to endure, yet with the possibility of rising above one’s problems. One must remember, however, that something cannot be made out of nothing. One cannot simply rely on others to get through life; one cannot just wait for something like being discovered at a local singing contest. Generally, one needs to work hard in order to rise above life’s problems. â€Å"Mabuti ang may sariling isip at gulugod. † After all, it is actually more fulfilling to achieve something on one’s own.Overall, I found the film to serve somewhat as a reminder of how hard work and patience can help improve one’s life. It should be noted, of course, that this may not always be the case. Movies with happy endings may very well just provide its viewers with an illusion that things will get better, when they probably won’t. There can be happy endings, but they only come with hard work and determination – and that’s not even a guarantee. Giving up, on the other hand, won’t make things any better either. One’s best bet, really, is to hope for a better future while doing something to achieve it.

Digestion and Food Essay

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller molecules so they can pass though the intestinal wall into the bloodstream and be transported throughout the body. There are seven different food groups in a balanced diet which should include Carbohydrate, fat, water, protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals. Although most foods contain these in some shape or form the foods that contain most of one type fall into that category, a chicken fillet for example would fall under the protein category because it contains more protein per hundred grams than any other nutrient. This assignment will explain the systems and processes necessary for the digestion of a Beef sandwich and a chicken Tikka Masala with rice. In the digestion of a beef sandwich containing sliced Beef, bread, butter and a chicken Tikka Masala there are different stages of where food is broken down. Enzymes are added at different times to ensure the food is absorbed properly. Digestion technically starts in the brain. Even before food touches your lips the stomach is already preparing for the food about to be ingested. The ingestion process starts with taking food into the mouth (eating and drinking). The purpose of this is so the food can be cut into smaller pieces and saliva is added before it is swallowed. This is where the first enzymes start work. There are two enzymes found in the saliva of the mouth, salivary amylase and lingual lipase. Amylase breaks down dietary carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharide sugars and complex polysaccharides (starch). Monosaccharide’s can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream so the others need to be broken down into these before they can be absorbed (Derrickson, Tortora 2006 p906). The salivary amylase starts to break down the polysaccharide starch found in the bread of sandwich and the rice in the chicken Tikka meal while it is being chewed. Once the food has been swallowed it slides down the throat which extends into the esophagus. The smooth muscle, mucus and secretions in the esophagus enable the food to slide down easily into the stomach. At the end of the esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter which connects to the stomach. The stomach is a j-shaped organ where food is mixed with gastric juices secreted by the lining. The gastric juices consist of water, enzymes and hydrochloric acid to kill any harmful bacteria (Parker 2007 p176). The main enzyme in the stomach is called pepsin which specialises in the break down of protein. Gastric pepsin breaks proteins into polypeptides, pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase which change the polypeptides into peptides (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins 2005 p224). The proteins in the beef part of the sandwich and chicken part of the Tikka Masala are broken down by theses enzymes in order to extract the essential amino acids found in the peptides so that they can be easily absorbed in the small intestine where the food moves to after the stomach has done its work. The intestinal mucosal peptidases in the small intestine break the peptides down into amino acids allowing this to happen. As the carbohydrate (rice and bread from the two meals) enters the stomach the salivary amylase is deactivated by the ph level. As the food then enters the duodenum which is the first part of the small intestine, another type of amylase is then added from the pancreas which changes the carbohydrates into simple sugars (Parker 2007). The simple sugars are maltose lactose and sucrose. As these are pasted further into the small intestine ‘the enzymes maltase, lactase and sucrase chop maltose, lactose and sucrose into smaller bits, more easily absorbed, which are eventually converted to glucose and absorbed through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream’ (Collins 2007). Once this has happened the glucose is transported to the liver where it can be where it can be stored or distributed to cells throughout the body (Collins 2007). Fats fall under three categories, saturated (mainly found in animal products); Unsaturated (fish, nuts) and Trans fats which are mainly found in vegetable oils and processed foods made from hydrogenated vegetable fats. Fats or lipids as there also known ‘are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents’ (Bailey 2008). This means lipids take longer to digest than carbohydrates and proteins. The fat content of the two meals comes mainly from the butter of the beef sandwich and the cream of the Masala sauce. The Short chain triglycerides found in these are digested by gastric lipase in the stomach. The majority of fat digestion though is done in the small intestine where pancreatic lipase and bile salts are added. The bile salts emulsify fat into droplets which makes them water soluble allowing them to be absorbed more easily. The pancreatic lipase ‘breaks down fats and phospholipids into a mixture of glycerol, short and long-chain fatty acids, and monoglycerides’ (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins 2005 p224). Small finger like projections on the small intestine called Villi give it a large surface area making it easy for the absorption allowing the fatty acids and monoglycerides to pass through into the blood stream. Nearly all vital nutrients from food are absorbed in the small intestine and the left over waste that passes into the large intestine afterwards is known as the chyme. The chyme descends through three main regions of the large intestine called the caecum, colon and rectum. During this journey sodium, chloride, and water are absorbed through the lining of the colon into the blood making less watery faeces to be excreted out of the anus.

Cognitive Effects of Radiation essays

Cognitive Effects of Radiation essays There have been many terrible consequences of the Chernobyl accident, the worst of which has been the suffering and death of millions of Ukrainian people due to radiation exposure. The Physical deterioration of the residents exposed to high amounts of radiation has been extensive and severe, with the rates of cancer and other diseases shooting up by the hundreds of percents. Out of the 100,000 citizens relocated from the Chernobyl plant and the city of Pypiat, Heart and Blood disease has gone up 938% from .74/1000 to 6.94/1000, Endocrine, Digestive and Immunity disease has risen 1350% from 12.67/1000 to 171.11/1000, Respiratory disease has risen 577% from 23.67/1000 to 138.68/1000, and Nervous System disease has risen 500% from 21.25/1000 to 106.28/1000. Other diseases, such as thyroid cancer and birth defects in children, have also risen in sharp increments. One of the most unexplored regions of radiation exposure has been the threat and consequence of cognitive decrements. There has been proven to be many negative factors associated with exposure to radiation, such as fatigue, memory loss and memory retention problems, concentration loss, lack of mental flexibility, stimulus response problems, and recall difficulties. One test that has proven to be very useful in assessing victims of radiation exposure for cognitive deficits is the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Matrices, or the ANAM. This test was created by F.W. Hegee, the director of the Office of Military Performance Assessment Technology, and has proven to be a very useful tool in cognitive assessment. It is a computer program that consists of 27 subtests, and, unlike pencil and paper tests, stores the scores and converts them to useable form right inside of the program without the complication and human error that normally accompanies the transmission of information from raw data to the form of useable data. It is also portable, and can be saved to a ...

5 Alternatives to Hyphenating Phrasal Adjectives

5 Alternatives to Hyphenating Phrasal Adjectives 5 Alternatives to Hyphenating Phrasal Adjectives 5 Alternatives to Hyphenating Phrasal Adjectives By Mark Nichol The default method for communicating to the reader that a phrase preceding a noun is a single entity modifying that noun is to hyphenate the word string together: â€Å"They agreed that a plug-and-play functionality was most desirable.† Depending on the exact wording, the relationship of words preceding a noun to that noun is more or less transparent, but in this sentence, for example, omission of hyphens (â€Å"They agreed that a plug and play functionality was most desirable†) might lead a reader to comprehend that the sentence means â€Å"They agreed that a plug was desirable, and play functionality was desirable, too.† (But why, then, the reader asks, is there a singular verb? Confusion ensues.) Regardless of the variable clarity from one sentence to another, the hyphenated phrasal adjective is the default setting. Hyphenation, however, is only one of several strategies for linking an extended phrasal adjective; several special cases exist. Here are some other approaches depending on those variables: 1. Quotations The key phrase in â€Å"Her ‘Do you think I’m stupid?’ glare stopped him in his tracks,† for example, could be expressed as a hyphenated string of words (â€Å"Her do-you-think-I’m-stupid? glare stopped him in his tracks†), but this strategy fails to exploit the narrative power of prompting the reader to imagine the woman voicing her indignant comment. On a more mechanical note, because the question mark applies to the entire phrase, not just to stupid, the question mark tacked on to the last word of the hyphenated string is awkward. But don’t hyphenate between stupid and the question mark, either; omit hyphens and use quotation marks to link the phrase. Use your judgment with this approach, though: The simple phrasal adjective in â€Å"She shot him a come-hither look,† for instance, should not be enhanced by quotation marks, because a person is unlikely to actually use those words. 2. Composition Titles An italicized composition title used to modify a noun needs no other treatment to indicate that it is all of a piece: â€Å"I bought the How the Grinch Stole Christmas gift pack.† (If the phrasal adjective refers to a component of a composition, such as an episode or a chapter, which requires quotation marks, these marks similarly serve to group the elements of the component title: â€Å"The ‘Ocean Deep’ episode of Planet Earth is my favorite part.†) If, however, the title is further modified, as in â€Å"The Wuthering Heights-like plot is too transparently derivative,† the additional element should be attached to the title with an en dash or with a simple hyphen, if the site (like this one) or the print publication employs hyphens for this usage instead. 3. Signage Enclose signage wording or text on similar displays in quotation marks, using title case, when employing it as a phrasal adjective: â€Å"The protestor caught breaking a window at the Nike store was wearing a ‘Just Do It’ T-shirt.† 4. Foreign Phrases When using a foreign phrase not adopted into English (and therefore not appearing in the dictionary) as a phrasal adjective, just as with italicized composition titles, no further treatment is necessary: â€Å"Their grand monde pretensions amused him.† If the phrase has been naturalized, it still needs no hyphenation or other treatment, because it’s a standing phrase: â€Å"She knew the mea culpa moment was coming.† 5. Proper Names Proper names used as adjectives require no hyphenation or quotation marks; capitalization in common signals their unity: â€Å"The Occupy Wall Street protest has gone nationwide.† But if an additional modifying word is associated with such a construction, connect it to the proper name: â€Å"Analysis of other Occupy Wall Street-type movements is instructive.† (See section 2 above about hyphenating such constructions.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsWhenever vs. When EverJanuary 1 Doesn't Need an "st"

Memo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Memo - Case Study Example The first thing the organization needs to establish is the goals. These will lean towards what the organization is aiming to achieve and what they want to attain within the short term that is less than a year and in a few years’ time. In order to attain the goals, it is necessary to have desired outcomes such as having financial security and a larger clientele base for sustainability of the organization. The desired outcomes will be accompanied by a timeline with set time limit to attain the outcomes. This will pressure the employees and board members into working harder and smarter. Strategies to attain the desired outcomes need to be put in place. These may include letting go of the unproductive board members, employees and trustees as they add no value to the organization’s success. New board members can be brought in who have knowledge in business and economics. The new members will work with the earlier proposals and plans of the development committee and the new goals in mind. Measure of the target and strategies should be put in place to be carried out after every two months and the final results to be released on or before the set timeline. Strong leadership provides direction and guidance for the rest of the people in the organization without which there will be disorganization and chaos as is currently the case in ECO. The board and trustees should come together with assistance from neutral party seek a new leader from outside the current individuals who has business experience. Evaluation of progress made will be carried out after every two months and will focus on the challenges and strengths made by the leader. The board is in charge of seeking funds to run the organization which is carried out through fundraising. Without the funds to run the organization, it will have to be closed and the employees lose their source of livelihood. The older more

Communication and Counselling Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communication and Counselling Skills - Essay Example ry vital to the society at large since they take care of people’s health and try their best to save patients from losing lives due to diseases, stress, accidents and injuries(Robert & James, 2005). Health and care social organisations offer a variety of services to clients and therefore should have the appropriate technology and workforce to satisfy needs of their services users exceptionally well (Peter & Rose, 2007). The workforce employed or volunteering to work in these organisations must have the necessary skills and knowledge that match the duties and responsibilities that they will be allocated. Counseling services is one the many services provided for health and social care institutions. People employed or volunteering to execute these services in these institutions must have the necessary counseling and communication skills needed for them to execute their duties and responsibilities in an exceptional manner. In this essay, a range of counseling perspectives used in c ounseling interaction, current ethical codes and boundaries related to professional practice in counseling and the significance of communication and counseling skills within health and social care will be critically analyzed and evaluated. Counseling perspectives used in counseling interactions simply mean the counseling attitudes that are applied in interactions between counselors and their clients (Stacy & Remy, 2007). The main three theories that explain these counseling perspectives are psychodynamic theory, theory of cognitive behavioral therapy and the theory of person centered therapy. In this essay only two theories will be covered and they are theory of person centered therapy and that one of cognitive behavioral therapy. Person centered therapy is also known as client centered therapy and was formulated by a humanist psychologist by the name of Carl Rogers in the year 1945 (Athman, 2006, p.15). It is a talk therapy which is non-directive in nature and among the widely used

Comparing The Success & Future Of Open & Closed Source Software Essay

Comparing The Success & Future Of Open & Closed Source Software - Essay Example This report examines the potential inherent in the Open Source Software and the factors that have hindered its widespread usage thus far. This information will then be used to arrive at an assessment of whether or not open source software could better serve the needs of public sector institutions as opposed to closed software. Open source software is not the same as freeware. Open source is software that a user can use and freely modify or distribute to others, subject to some minimal restrictions to protect the copyright license which exists on the software (Ebert, 2009). Free software on the other hand, is software that can be copied, modified or distributed without any restrictions at all.(www.chopey.blogspot.com). The opposite of freeware is closed software. This is software that is not freely available and cannot be used without restrictions; it must be purchased from the individual or company that holds the copyright over its use. The notable example of this is the proprietary Windows software owned by Bill Gates’ company, Microsoft. The design of software is viewed as an investment because it involves an investment in formulating it, but at the same time it also provides benefits in that it facilitates certain operations, which justified the costs(Slaughter et al, 1998). Where closed source software is concerned, it is the short term returns from the software that assume a greater level of importance; as a result quality may sometimes be sacrificed in order to ensure that a piece of software is produced within stipulated deadlines. (Slaughter et al, 1998). Due to this, the quality of the source code may be lacking, so that after a certain period of time it will need to be replaced, updated or modified. Since closed software is proprietary with a copyright and cannot be freely copied or modified, this often means that the Company which produced the

The Reason For The Convenient Store Business Marketing Essay

The Reason For The Convenient Store Business Marketing Essay 1.0 Executive Summary The Commercial building is located 5 miles south of the city of Muscat and 2 minute walk distance by citys main road, which is used by thousands of commuters on daily basis between to the middle of city or just taking a shortcut to south of city. In the main road is being used by residents of citys south and south east in order to reach Muscat citys main center. While going to work, a person along for the ride could stop and buy a sandwich or soft/ cold drinks etc. Similarly on the way home, the same person along for the ride on main road, could come ABC Convenient Store and buy something like household items. 1.1 Shareholding Structure ABC Convenient Store is a registered Sole Proprietor. Its owned and managed by Mr. A. 1.2 Objectives The main objective of most of the small convenient stores in is to earn highest possible profit margins by selling quality products. Therefore ABC Convenient Store aims to provide highest possible quality products at competitive rates for the local residents of Muscat city particularly. In addition, ABC Convenient Store plans to offer movie rentals, non-food products and check cashing services in order to build and increase its revenues and hence profits. The other objectives of ABC Convenient Store are: One of ABC Convenient Stores main objectives would be to capture as much as possible share of the commuter traffic on the south east side of Muscat city. ABC Convenient Store will offer its customers better-quality products at an competitive price. Achieve at least 30% minimum gross profit margins (selling price less purchase/ wholesale cost) from beginning. Achieve a lucrative return on investment within five years. Achieve average growth in market share by 10% each year. Achieve average growth in revenue by 6% each year. 2.0 The Business Activity ABC Convenient Store is a new Startup convenient store business within Muscat city. Mr. A, the owner of ABC Convenient Store will occupy convenient store place in two units commercial building on rent, located 5 miles south of the city of Muscat and 2 minute walk distance by citys main road. It is the main street all the way through city and is used by thousands of commuters on daily basis between to the middle of city or just taking a shortcut to south of city. The building contains two units where mini restaurant is currently open and being successfully run by other individual. 3.0 Vision and Mission statement Mission:, ABC Convenient Store will make healthy profits margins for its owner and provide a satisfying work environment for its employees in near future. 3.1 Keys to Success The keys to success in this business are: Location: The location of convenience store plays a very important role in success of any store, and therefore is one of the main key factors for successfully running of convenience store. The location must be close to customers reach like where they work, live or on their normal route while returning and going to home/ work. As ABC Convenient Store is located 5 miles south of the city of Muscat and 2 minute walk distance by citys main road, which is used by thousands of commuters on daily basis between to the middle of city or just taking a shortcut to south of city. We feel that right location provides value to customer and convenience both. Speed of Service:Â  As nowadays consumers are always short of time and wants quality with speed of service, therefore it is also one of the major keys to success factors for convenience store industry in todays environment particularly. Convenience and value are both achieved only when the potential customers can easily locate the items they want to buy, where in return they get fast friendly and efficient service. In short the store is easy to shop. Availability: Availability of products/ items is another key factor for success of any convenient store, as each customer have different taste and needs, hence they have their own favorite brand names that they want to purchase, which any good convenience store must carry in order to fulfill potential customers needs. On the other hand the Omani citizens particularly are brand conscious and want items with big brand names, where residents of other nationality living and working in Oman, are more price conscious. Therefore it is necessary that products/ items for both customers segment must be made available. 4.0 Government support and rules and regulations 5.0 The Reason for the Convenient Store business The living standards of the Omani citizen are growing day by day as Government of Oman has taken major steps within last 20 years to increase the living standards. Therefore as of the majority of Omani citizens are upper middle class who are brand conscious and willing to pay anything to buy product required. On the other hand the convenient store industry has been growing on daily basis as people are shifted towards convenient store due to convenience and shortage of time in todays world. According to Government stats and research the convenient store in Oman is growing constantly at a rate of over 110% over last ten years. 5.1 Industry Analysis Summary Porter five forces model has been used widely with the purpose of analyzing a particular industry with a view to determine the level of intensity in terms of attractiveness and competitiveness within industry. This model consist of forces which are very close to any company and that can affect its capability badly to generate profits for owners by serving its customers effectively. Porter five forces model uses the following: Threat of potential new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, Threat of substitutes and Determinants of Rivalry among Existing Competitors, in order to analyze the nature of competitiveness in any industry. Determinants of Rivalry among Existing Competitors The rivalry among existing competitors in Oman in retail store industry is being considered as high, as firms are competing severely with other with a view to capture high customer market share. There are many giant convenience stores in retail industry particularly in Muscat, who has gained majority of market share, where on the other hand small convenient stores like ABC Convenient Store, are competing each other to capture the remaining market share, specifically of convenient stores surrounding area at least. Therefore they are trying new developments in marketing, introducing new promotions, creativity of innovative ideas, which has led small stores achieved their target level of market share. Hence competitive rivalry in Omans retail industry is considered a high threat for existing convenient stores. Threat of potential new entrants Threat of new entrants into the retail industry within Muscat, Oman is medium, as there are very less product differences between products provided by convenient stores; furthermore cost to enter the market is relatively low. It is further assumed that convenient store items/products are easily purchased at wholesale prices or discounts at bulk purchases. By analyzing all factors including high growth in trends for Oman retail industry exclusively, further barriers to entry are relatively very low compared to other industries; therefore it can be take for granted that ABC Convenient Store may face further competition with new entrants. Threat of substitutes There are only few substitutes available for convenient store items which do not entirely replace the use of existing products by customers but may bring in new innovative ideas to develop new products or reduce the direct costs in producing the same products. In particularly the substitutes of any products may limit the level of generation of revenues and hence profits, in an industry by keeping the profit margins down. However, the greater the convenient stores could create uniqueness for their products the greater the likelihood of success. Likewise already discussed the availability of products, customer service and location of the convenient stores would be the key factors, which could not only create sustainable competitive advantage but could add significant value in overall earnings of the ABC Convenient Store. Therefore threat of substitutes is considered as low in retail/ convenient store industry. Bargaining power of suppliers The power of suppliers for small convenient stores like ABC Convenient Store can be prejudiced by key players in supermarkets and grocery chain stores. Because they are being able to negotiate better discounted and promotional prices compared to small convenient stores from suppliers/ manufacturers, which small convenient stores are unable to match due to high purchasing prices of same products. Therefore there is major threat as giant players always dictate the prices and purchase large amount of quantity at once, where small convenient stores are left with fewer products at high prices. Hence it is being analyzed the bargaining power of suppliers is high particularly for small convenient stores. Bargaining power of buyers Nowadays customers are aware of everything and they have more choices to buy from, therefore customers acts are considered as powerful force in making prices down. If any product is expensive in any store than they can go and purchase the required products from other convenient store providing lesser or discounted prices. In addition because product is a type of commodity item and consumers have no choice but to continue consumption, therefore we can see high growth in small convenient store if and only prices are matched with giant players in the industry. On the other hand, location and varieties of products provided may reduce this bargaining power. In addition the overall environment, customer service and location of the ABC Convenient Store would attract the customers. We can assume that large number of small convenient stores will be providing similar products and services as ABC Convenient Stores. Due to these reasons the overall industry looks more attractive and profitable. 6.0 Market Size and Growth According to our research, the main customers are males and females, ages 15 to 40. In addition, according to recent trends in Oman, many small and large stores are trying to capture market share of persons with age of more than 40, particularly females. We are expecting that by providing better customer services, we would be able to increase the number of customers of aged over 40. 7.0 The Choice of Location with reasons thereof ABC Convenient Store is a new Startup convenient store business within Muscat city. The commercial building has convenient store for rent out. It is located 5 miles south of the city of Muscat and 2 minute walk distance by citys main road, and is the main street all the way through city and is used by thousands of commuters on daily basis between to the middle of city or just taking a shortcut to south of city. Therefore its the best location for convenient store. The total area of convenience store is around 500 sq feet, where majority of the portion will be used for shelves. 8.0 Proposed Customers 9.0 Competitor Analysis The ABC Convenient Store may face little competition from other small and large convenient stores. Furthermore the main competition that ABC Convenient Store may face is from large enterprises that have established convenience stores within fuel stations. But we are expecting that our location will create competitive advantage which shall tackle the competition may face by ABC Convenient Store in near future. 10.0 Buying Patterns and Sales Strategy The convenience stores are generally small retail outlets with area of 500 to 2000 sq feet. The products or items normally sold at convenience store are: over the counter medicines, household groceries, soft drinks, cold drinks, some non food items, cigarettes, and dairy products. The convenience stores are mostly located on busy main roads and are regularly open 24 hours a day seven days a week. As name suggests, they not only sell products or items but also convenience to customers. ABC Convenient Store will aim to provide typical items of convenience store at a competitive price, so that items that customers purchase shall urge to visit again, which will increase the average sale per customer. The main focus of sales staff will be on customer service and always inquire clients if they have been able to locate and found the whole thing that they need. In case, they have not found they need, then these particular items shall be made available in stocks upon request by customers. 11.0 Strategy and Implementation Summary ABC Convenient Store will be using a strategy of impressive customer service. Where, companys initial emphasis would be to build same reputation as before, so that potential customers within town are targeted comfortably. The ABC Convenient Stores main competitive edge will be its prominent location, as it is conveniently located on the corner of where everyone must pass in order to leave and return home, it also allows the local community to walk or ride a bike to the convenient store. ABC Convenient Store intends to stock the shelves with items local residents need and want, with items ranging from milk to over the counter medicines and everything in between. If customers have requests for items not in stock then ABC Convenient Store will stock them. 11.1 Self Analysis 12.0 Competitive Advantage The competitive advantages, which ABC Convenient Store will have over its main competitors within Muscat, are: ABC Convenient Stores main competitive advantage is its position and its location as in front of Main Street. ABC Convenient Store is located on the corner of where everyone must pass in order to leave and return home. Currently there are no other stores within this location. Due to these facts, local residents will naturally choose ABC Convenient Store as their primary choice, because of the fact that it would be closest to their homes. They will promptly become aware that ABC Convenient Store offers high quality organic and healthy products at a typical convenience store prices; In addition it will become local residents number one store for small household grocery items and other household purchases. While returning home from offices the commuter will now be able to buy their household groceries to take home. We expect that due to our quick service, commuters will soon regard ABC Convenient Store as helpful time saver convenience store. 13.0 Selling Arrangement and Marketing Strategies The products or items normally sold at convenience store are: over the counter medicines, household groceries, soft drinks, cold drinks, some non food items, cigarettes, and dairy products. The convenience stores are mostly located on busy main roads and are often open 24 hours a day seven days a week. Our main emphasis would be to fulfill customer needs therefore we will ask customer every time if they have been able to locate items easily and have found they looking for. The city is in great need of change and this is the perfect opportunity to bring about that change. In years to come ABC Convenient Store will be known in the community as more than just another neighborhood business, this will bring the community together giving locals annual block parties and rewarding the kids when they bring report cards and honor certificates with free candy etc. The convenient location of the ABC Convenient Store will mean that ABC Convenient Store will have to carry out little bit above the line up advertising, but ABC Convenient Store will distribute flyers within surrounding areas on monthly basis so that local residents are made aware of ABC Convenient Store. 14.0 Products and Pricing Strategy The ABC Convenient Store will provide typical items found in any convenience store; however, items will be higher end than many convenience stores. ABC Convenient Store will offer a product range from over the counter medicines to cigarettes and everything thats sold in a convenient store. The products will be same as traditional convenience store items in the same quantity, quality and packaging sizes as other convenient stores provide. Some of the products include: soft drinks, cold drinks, fruit juices, household grocery items, newspapers, magazines, hot and cold snacks, bread, auto products like fuel addictives plus cleaning materials for autos, condiments, tooth pastes, over the counter medicines and paper products etc. ABC Convenient Store will price little increase over competitors but most of the products prices will be matched to the most giant convenient stores within Muscat. On the other hand top selling brands will be sold at a discounted price even lower than most of competitors prices, so that ABC Convenient Store can create competitive advantage over its direct competitors and be able to sustain in coming years to come. 15.0 Various sources of finance available and the source selected The company will need around RO 23,000, total initial requirements for capital expenditures. The Funding sources for ABC Convenient Store will be mainly from the shareholders investments. The only shareholder, Mr. A will contribute full amount of RO 23,000. The total initial capital requirements will be around RO 6,100 which includes Computer for cash counter and point of sale software with scanner and receipt printer at a price of RO 400 Shelves will be placed in major portion of convenient store for placing displaying of different types of convenient store items/ products, so that potential customers would be able to locate these convenient items comfortable. In addition price tag and banners would be displayed for each type to items. The shelves would cost around RO 2,200 in total. Other convenient stores equipments includes banners, price tags, chairs, ice machines, beverage equipments, ice cream equipments, Microwave oven, safes, Air Conditioners, exhausts etc. This will cost around RO 3,200. Cash counter setup would include counter desk, chairs etc. This would cost around RO 300. Legal expenses would include business and sole proprietorship license, and license to start convenient store business and other legal fees necessary. This would cost around RO 500. Initial marketing expenses would be around RO 900 for banners, distribution of flyers, printing of business cards, purchase of printing papers for receipts, printing of cover letter etc. However we have very tight marketing budget initially but as business starts to grow the marketing budget would be significantly increased as well. The convenient store will be obtained on monthly rent of RO 500. The initial inventory would be of around RO 15,000, which includes all major convenient stores items like: soft drinks, cold drinks, fruit juices, household grocery items, newspapers, magazines, hot and cold snacks, bread, auto products like fuel addictives plus cleaning materials for autos, condiments, tooth pastes, over the counter medicines and paper products etc. This number of items initially will be less; however as business starts to grow the number of each particular item or products would be increase significantly in order to meet customer demands. Furthermore, special requests from customers will also be fulfilled believing on the fact that ABC Convenient Store needs to meet every customers demands by making each types of brands names products or items available at the door of ABC Convenient Store. The break-up of startup requirements is shown in the table below: Table 1: Start-up 16.0 Key People and Job Functions ABC Convenient Store is a registered Sole Proprietor. Its owned and managed by Mr. A. The owner will engage employees to help run their convenient store. A business Full time Manager will be hired. He will be overseeing the operations at the store like supervising the staff, dealing with various suppliers, performing managerial jobs and developing marketing plans. Furthermore, administration and financial aspects will be managed by the owner, Mr. A himself. 17.0 Financial Plan The Financial Plan consists of Breakeven Analysis, Pro-forma Profit and Loss, Cash Flow Projections and Pro-forma Balance Sheet. 17.1 Important Assumptions 17.3 Break-even Analysis Table 3: Break-even Analysis 17.4 Projected Profit and Loss The Pro-forma Profit and Loss shows that, ABC Convenient Storewill be able to meet Net profit margin in excess of 20% throughout five years of operation. Table 4: Profit and Loss